272 Dr. J. II. Parkinson — The Calm in South German//. 



relations can be recognized as extending to Biarritz and to Dax. 

 The latest observations on the Carpathians and the Eastern Alps 

 amply establish the protrusion of the Klippen from beneath, and 

 the latest surveys of Algeria prove that, where the plastic Trias is 

 in question, local and unsuspected intrusion and protrusion have no 

 such limits as are assumed in the theory of charriage. 



It is more than thirty yeai's since I first discovered the decisive 

 example of Cretaceous gypsum at Croix d'Ahetze. Since then 

 I have found decisive examples of the production of gypsum, in 

 place, in rocks of any age from the Muschelkalk to the Tertiary, 

 Yet in both the Alps and the Pyrenees the assumption that gypseous 

 beds represent the Trias is the selected and regular basis of strati- 

 graphical paradoxes which claim to revei'se geology. It has been as 

 easy to ascertain the truth as in the case of the Pliocene man, but 

 no single observer has cared to verify the facts. The latest theoiy 

 rests upon the assumption that salt and gypsum are of fixed age. 

 It has thus selected for its basis precisely those materials which are, 

 both chemically an;l mechanically, plastic and transferable to such 

 a degree that any stratigraphical inference founded upon them 

 must be essentially arbitrary. At Dax, Biarritz, and Cardona th& 

 opposition between fact and fancy can be recognized. 



VII. — The Zoning of the Culm in South Germany. 

 By Dr. J. H. Parkinson. 



" Ueber eine neue Culmfauua von KiJnigsberg unweit Giessen, und ihre Bedeutung 

 fiir die Gliederung des rheinisclien Culm." Von Herrn Harold Parkinson 

 aus Halstead (Essex). Zeitsch. d. deutsch. gaol. Ges., Jahrg. 1903, Heft 3, 

 pp. 1-46, pis. XV, xvi. 



" On a new Culm Fauna at Konigsberg near Giessen, and its significance for the 

 division of the Rhin eland Culm." 



IT has been suggested to me that a brief resume of an illustrated 

 article published last year in the Zeilschrift der deiitschen 

 geologischen Geselhchaft might be of general interest. The article 

 in question embodies a piece of research work undertaken at the 

 instance and under the direction of Professor Kayser, of Marburg, 

 who during the Summer of 1900 observed in the neighbourhood 

 of Konigsberg, not far from Giessen, a bed of rock differing 

 palseontologically and petrographically from the surrounding Culm 

 slate. The rock, a slaty breccia with a considerable limestone 

 content, furnished even on cursory examination a fauna deviating 

 considerably from that generally associated with the Culm. Type- 

 fossils of the Posidonia Slates (the "Culm of Herborn"), such as 

 Posidonta Beclieri, Orthoceras striolatum, and Goniatites crenistria, 

 were not met with, but on the other hand Crinoid stems together 

 with fragments of large Producli and of Trilobites of the genus 

 PhilUpsia appeared plentiful. 



In order to obtain a fuller knowledge of the fauna of this 

 remarkable niveau, Professor Kayser, under whom I was at the 



