HUMAN RELICS OF LANSING, KANSAS 763 



mony of Michael T. and Joseph F. Concannon, who dug the 

 tunnel. There is no ground to question their authenticity. 



The associated deposit. — At the mouth of the tunnel the lower 

 three or four feet of the deposit is composed mainly of lime- 

 stone fragments and earthy debris, a part of the latter seeming 

 to come from the Carboniferous beds, a part from the glacial 

 drift or the loess, and a part from the river and valley wash ; in 

 short, a rather heterogeneous mixture. Some parts are highly 

 oxidized and iron-stained and some parts are relatively fresh and 

 calcareous. At about three feet above the floor on the western 

 side there is a definite layer of dark, highly calcareous clay less 

 than three inches thick, but it does not appear on the opposite 

 side. It is thinner in the inner portion of the tunnel, where the 

 cross cut of Mr. Fowke shows that it rises on the west side and 

 pinches out irregularly within a few feet. The upper part of the 

 deposit at the entrance is a mottled silt of loess-loam aspect, 

 containing occasional stony fragments. Its response to acid is 

 irregular, sometimes giving no obvious effervescence, sometimes 

 a feeble action, and sometimes a prompt and marked response. 

 Sometimes the action is concentrated in definite spots, as though 

 it came from a bit of limestone. The action is not that charac- 

 teristic of typical loess. Even in the top of the tunnel some 

 limestone fragments were seen seven or eight feet from its base. 

 Even in the inner end of the tunnel the silt is notably mottled, 

 in part irregularly, and in part in bands, more or less horizontal, 

 as though controlled by stratification, though the staining is 

 probably secondary. Acid tests indicated that calcareous matter 

 is present, but that it is not abundant. 



These observations were made on the tunnel as seen on our 

 first visit. Under the direction of Professor Holmes, Mr. Gerard 

 Fowke later made a series of supplementary excavations in dif- 

 ferent directions to develop the formation further and secure 

 additional fossils. A full statement of the results will doubtless 

 be given in Professor Holmes's report. He has kindly permitted 

 me to use such of the data thus gathered as are serviceable in 

 the geologic determinations. Without entering upon precise 

 details, it will suffice here to say that the tunnel was extended 



