Sir H. H. Howorth — Antiquitij of Man. 21 



same horizon, some of the Mammoths' remains being at a higher 

 level. M. Orahay's paper was first published in 1836 in the 

 Bull, de I'Acad. Eoyale de Belgique, vol. iii, p. 43. Lyell, who 

 verified the facts, regarded this as one of the first examples of the 

 occurrence of remains of man and extinct animals in a Pleistocene 

 alluvial deposit in the open plains (" Antiquity of Man," p. 241). 



Let us now turn to England. On the subject of caves and their 

 contents Buckland's opinion dominated Englishmen just as Cuvier's 

 dominated the Continent, and naturally, for he had had great 

 experience in excavating caverns. He took the same side as Cuvier 

 in regard to the introduction of remains of man into the caves 

 having been later than those of the extinct animals. In his 

 " Keliquise Diluvianae," 1824, he mentions the discovery of human 

 bones encrusted with stalactite in a cave in the Mountain Limestone 

 at Burrington in the Mendips, mentioned in Collinson's History 

 of Somerset. The mouth of the cave was nearly closed by stalactite, 

 and many of the bones were encrusted with it. In the case of 

 the skull the inside as well as the outside was encrusted with it, 

 " and I have," says Buckland, " a fragment from the inside which 

 bears in relief casts of the channel of the veins along the interior 

 of the skull. The state of these bones affords indications of very 

 high antiquity." It seems from our present knowledge almost 

 certain that these bones belonged to Paleeolithic man. 



Secondly. In the cave at Wookey Hole human bones were found 

 by Mr. Miller of Bristol and examined by Buckland in 1823. He 

 says the teeth and fragments of bone were dispersed through, 

 reddish mud and clay, and some of them were united to it by 

 stalagmite into a firm osseous breccia. As Buckland, however, 

 found a small piece of a sepulchral urn among the bones, it makes 

 this case a doubtful one. A more important discovery was that 

 made in the cave at Paviland, near Swansea. He tells us how 

 he discovered beneath six inches of earth nearly the entire left side 

 of a human female skeleton, the parts being in juxtaposition, and 

 in the middle of the bones was a small quantity of a yellow 

 substance like adipocere. The bones were all stained with a dark 

 brick-red colour, and enveloped by a coating of ruddle. Near the 

 skeleton were two handfuls of small shells ol Nerita littoralis, much 

 decayed, and in contact with the ribs were forty or fifty fragments 

 of small ivory rods, nearly cylindrical, and varying in diameter from 

 a quarter to three-quarters of an inch, and from one to four inches 

 in length. Their external surface was smooth in the few which 

 were least decayed, but the greater number had undergone the same 

 degree of decomposition as the large fragments of Mammoths' 

 tusks. He had previously described the discovery of two decayed 

 Mammoths' tusks in the cave. Most of the fragments were also split 

 transversely by recent fracture in digging them out, so that there 

 are no means of knowing what was their original length, as none 

 were found with both extremities intact. Many of them, again, 

 were split longitudinally by the separation of their lamiuEe, which 

 were evidently the lamina of the large tusk, from a portion of 



