Reports and Proceedings — Geological Society of London. 79 



body and spirit (or matter and energy) are inseparable. Sensitive 

 and thinking substance are the two fundamental attributes of the 

 all-embracing divine essence of the world, the universal substance. 

 Opposed to Monism is Dualism, which, in its widest sense, breaks 

 up the universe into two entirely distinct substances — the material 

 world, and an immaterial, extramundane God. Dualism necessarily 

 leads to Theism, in some form. Monism, on the other hand, leads 

 to Pantheism, which teaches that God is everywhere identical with 

 Nature itself. 



Whether or not we adopt Professor Haeckel's views on religious 

 matters, the book is well worth reading as a resume of the progress 

 of the various branches of scientific knowledge to the end of the 

 nineteenth century, and particularly, as we should expect from the 

 author, of biology. The subject of the " conflict between Science 

 and Eeligion " holds a conspicuous place in the argument. It has 

 already been well handled by Strauss, Feuerbach, and Draper, to 

 whom Haeckel refers his readers. For geologists, the best account 

 of the part which geology has played in the controversy is that 

 given in the magnificent work of Mr. A. D. White, who points out 

 that the contest is not between Science and Eeligion, but between 

 Science and dogmatic theology, of whatever kind. 



J. A. W. 



S-ZBZPOIKTS .A.lvriD IPiaOGIBIEIDin^CB-S. 



Geological Society of London. 



I. — December 18th, 1901. — J. J. H. Teall, Esq., M.A., F.E.S., 



President, in the Chair. 



Professor H. G. Seeley drew attention to a skull of Equus fossilis 

 from Keswick, exhibited by Mr. J. Postlethwaite, F.G.S., and said 

 that it belonged to a species of horse, but the skull appeared to be 

 broader and flatter in front of the orbits than in Equus cahallus; 

 and it gave evidence on the upper surface of being an aged specimen, 

 an inference which was supported by the palatal conditions. The 

 teeth are worn down, so as to approximate to the condition of aged 

 teeth of Equus fossilis, as sometimes met with in river-valley gravels ; 

 but he was not aware that these teeth had previously been met 

 with in association with this form of skull. He understood that 

 the specimen had been found near the surface beneath an ancient 

 building at Keswick, and that there was no evidence as to its 

 geological antiquity. 



Professor W. W. Watts called attention to a set of twenty-two 

 photographs, the first of three sets to be published as typical 

 examples of geological photographs by the Committee of the 

 British Association on Geological Photographs. 



The following communications were read : — 



1. " Coal and Petroleum Deposits in European Turkey." By 

 Lieut.-Colonel Thomas English, F.G.S. 



