Percy F. Kendall — Brockrams of Vale of Eden. 511 



miles east of the town. The beds dip to north-east at about 

 20 degrees, and the succession here exposed is as follows : — 



St. Bees Sandstone (Trias), 



Shales and Sandstones. 



Hilton Plant Beds. 



Magnesian Limestones. 



Upper Brockram interbedded with and overlain by 



Penrith Sandstone. 

 Penrith Sandstone. 

 Lower Brockram. 

 Carboniferous rocks. 



The Lower Brockram forms a bold escarpment near Hoff Beck, 

 and the nature of its constituents can conveniently be studied in 

 great clean faces of quarries as well as in natural exposures. In the 

 course of a careful examination of the pebbles it has been found that 

 all the pebbles, except some twenty or thirty at most, consist of 

 Carboniferous limestone or chert, the former well rounded and 

 frequently very fossiliferous — Saccamina Garteri was found in one. 

 The stones ranged in size up to nearly a foot in diameter. 



The few exceptions mentioned above were haematite, sandstone, 

 and ten or twelve small pebbles of vein quartz such as might be 

 found in the Millstone Grit, the Basement Carboniferous Con- 

 glomerate, or, more remotely, as veins in the Skiddaw Slates. 

 Recurrences of the same bed, presenting the same characters as 

 regards the nature and source of the pebbles, are seen on the west 

 bank of the Eden below Appleby, on Gallows Hill, and at 

 Hungriggs quarry, east of Appleby. At the last two localities 

 the pebbles have been very extensively dolomitized subsequently to 

 deposition, for the pebbles have in many cases been reduced to 

 a mere shell, usually lined with crystals of calcite. 



The same aspect of the Lower Brockram is presented in the 

 exposures at Stenkreth (Kirkby Stephen) and to the northward of 

 Hungriggs in several quarries. It can be seen from these facts that 

 for a distance of ten or twelve miles along the strike, and for over 

 two miles on the dip, the character of the pebbles in the Lower 

 Brockram undergoes no change. 



The Penrith Sandstone about Appleby attains to a thickness of 

 probably a thousand feet, but no exact estimate is possible owing 

 to the occurrence of a large number of faults, of unknown throw. 



Near its upper boundary, numerous intercalations of the Upper 

 Brockram Conglomerate occur, especially in the section in Hilton 

 Beck. 



The Upper Brockram in this section consists of a rather friable 

 conglomerate, in beds of a foot or two in thickness, parted by beds 

 of sandstone from a few inches up to 30 or 40 feet thick. The 

 constituent pebbles are partly of Carboniferous Limestone, very 

 soft and much dolomitized, but other elements frequently pre- 

 ponderate ; these are well-rounded pebbles of vein quartz, angular 

 pebbles and blocks of quavtzite, fragments of conglomerate containing 



