Henry H. Hoioorth — Elevation of Eastern Asia. 103 



sand, pebbles, and abundance of large, smooth, egg-shaped, rolled 

 stones of considerable size. " I could not find," says Mr. Campbell, 

 " one stone with scratches on it or with flat sides, or one angular 

 erratic near the canal. I could find nothing glacial about the end 

 of the Ganges basin. I could hear of nothing glacial from the 

 surveyors with whom I conversed at Dehra. I had photographs of 

 glaciers, and of glens near them, about the headwaters of the 

 Granges and the Sutlej. In them I could see nothing to suggest the 

 former action of large glaciers like those which have left tbeir spoor 

 in the Alps, in Scandinavia, in Scotland, and in Ireland. In some 

 few pictures only I could trace marks which seem to indicate a 

 former extension of glaciers which exist. Captain Senior, who made 

 the pictures, said that old glacier-marks extend only a few viiles from 

 the ice in this region. The surveyors who mapped the ground con- 

 firmed what I saw and heard. The Ganges glaciers and others in 

 this region hang about the steep broken edges of great deep basins ; 

 and there is nothing to show that glaciers ever filled these basins, as 

 European hollows were filled of old. Opposite to the Ganges there 

 are no signs of that Glacial period to which European ice-marks are 

 usually attributed." Again, " I crossed the Jumna, the Sutlej, and 

 the Bias, about fifty miles from the hills. I saw no glaciated 

 stones in the plains or near the banks of these three great rivers, all 

 three rising among glaciers. There is nothing at the foot of the 

 Himalayas here comparable to the glacial debris of Lombardy or 

 the erratics of the American plains " {id.p. 114). " The Kavee (within 

 sight of the Kashmir hills) rises among glaciers ; but there is 

 nothing like glacial work opposite to this great river-basin in the 

 plains. In the Kangra valley there was no sign of a great glacier 

 passing along the base of the Sutlej valley from east to west. Such 

 a glacier, if it ever existed, must have left a conspicuous mark. So 

 far as I have been able to learn from surveyors, geologists, travellers, 

 photographers, and photographs, there are no marks of a big glacier 

 in the Sutlej valley so far as it has been explored, but existing 

 glaciers are close at hand" {id. p. 115). 



In regard to the famous deposit of rounded stones in this valley, 

 about which so much has been written and said, the same acute and 

 experienced observer writes that " at first sight these stones by their 

 great size suggested glacial action. They have been described as 

 erratics, and the deposits in which they occur as ' moraines ' of the 

 Glacial period. I therefore sought carefully, but I could find none 

 of the known marks. The Kangra big stones are all smoothed, 

 dinted, and rounded ; the biggest are next to the range. The size 

 decreases as the distance increases, and the slopes grow less. They 

 are not arranged like moraines at Turin or elsewhere, but spread 

 like stuff of the same kind at the foot of the Pike's Peak in America, 

 and at the end of the Dariel Pass in the Northern Caucasus. The 

 deltas to which these trains of big stones belong all spread like fans 

 from the jaws of deep, steep ravines near high, steep hills, and they 

 are all washed and rolled by floods of water " 



At Dhada, a rest-house at the foot of the high range, "a gravel- 



