Reports and Proceedings — Prof. T. Rupert Jones — Address. 517 



VI. — The Ancestral Horse. 



Notice sue I'Eipparion cbassum de Eousillon. By Marie Pavlow. 



Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, 1891. 

 Qu'est ce que c'est que V Eipparwn. By Marie Pavlow. Ibid. 



IN these brief notes Madame Pavlow re-states her views as to the 

 specialized character of Hipparion, and the impossibility of its 

 being an aucesti-al form of Equus. She regards the lower dentition 

 ascribed to H. crassnm by Deperet as erroneously determined, pre- 

 ferring to assign it to Equus; and the supposed limbs of the Indian 

 JS. antilopinum seem to her to be more probably referable to Equus 

 stenonis. 



K,E:eoE,TS j^isTiD iPiaoGEEiDiisra-s. 



I. — Address to the Geological Section of the British Associa- 

 tion, BY Professor T. Rupert Jones, F.R.S., F.G.S., President 

 of the Section, Cardiff, August 21st, 1891. 



1. Introduction. — The black stones that burn probably came to be known 

 by pre-historic people through accident, here and there, long before any 

 notion of their worth to the community at large was entertained. Wood 

 at first, and then charcoal, supplied fuel far into historic times, on every 

 hand, except perhaps in China. In the first century of the Christian era 

 the Romans, occupying England, met with coal, and probably learnt its 

 use from the natives. It seems, however, to have been disregarded during 

 the Saxon conquest and domination of this Island ; but by the beginning 

 of the twelfth century the use of coal was well in hand again, as shown by 

 old charters relating to places in Scotland and the county of Durham. 



The history of the use of coal is treated of in the following books : — 

 ' The Coal-fields of Great Britain : their History, Structure, and Resources, 

 with notices of the Coal-fields of other parts of the World.' By Edward 

 Hull, M.A., etc., with maps and illustrations. 8vo. London. First 

 edition, 1861; second, 1861; third, 1873; fourth, 1881. 'Coal: its 

 History and Uses.' By Professors Green, Miall, Thorpe, Riicker, and 

 Marshall. Edited by Professor Thorpe. 8vo. London, 1878. Also in 

 the unpretentious pamphlet, ' The History of Coal.' By the Rev. Thomas 

 Wiltshire, M.A., etc. 8vo. London, 1878. Of course the most com- 

 prehensive work on the British Coal-measures is the ' Report of the 

 Commissioners appointed to Inquire into the several matters relating to 

 Coal in the United Kingdom,' 3 vols., with maps and sections. Fol. 

 London, 1871. Other valuable works are: W. W. Smyth's 'Coal and 

 Coal Mining,' 8vo. 1867, and later editions ; and Richard Meade's ' Coal 

 and Iron Industries of the United Kingdom,' etc. 8vo. London, 1882. 

 ' Coal : its Geological and Geographical Position.' By Professor John 

 Morris, 8vo. London, 1862, although only a pamphlet, is valuable for its 

 information. 



The subject of Coal and the Coal-measures is abundantly treated of in 

 the scientific literature of this centm-y in nearly all parts of the world, and 

 it would be useless to endeavour to do justice to its bibliography. Besides 

 having had the advantage of the labours of the many eminent foreign 

 geologists who have advanced our knowledge of the subject in one or other 

 of its various aspects, both by original research^ and by condensing 



1 Especially Sternberg, Brongniart, Goeppert, Petzholdt, Geinitz, linger, 

 Schimper, Weiss, Renault, and Grand Eury. 



