i84 T. C. CHAMBEKLIN 



not its normal mean effect, and that there is a similar special effect 

 of the opposite kind on the opposite side of the Atlantic. Such 

 special effects largely offset one another in combining the enhanced 

 warmth of the eastern sides of the Atlantic and Pacij&c oceans with 

 the lower warmth of their western sides to get the mean for the whole 

 parallel. 



Following the 50° parallel onward across America, it is found 

 to traverse the settled lands of Newfoundland, Quebec, Ontario, 

 Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia, leaving 

 the capitals of the first three and last on the south, and the capitals 

 of the remaining three on the north. On the cold side of the Asiatic 

 continent, the parallel traverses Sakhalin, the lower Amur region, 

 Manchuria and Mongolia, to our starting point in Central Asia. 

 Chita, Irkutsk, Tomsk, Omsk, Tobolsk, and other important cities, 

 he north of the parallel even in this eastern and colder part of the 

 continent. From ahnost all points in this circuit of the globe human 

 settlement extends 1,200 to 1,500 miles north of the 50° parallel, 

 while the highest northern permanent settlement lies nearly 2,000 

 miles north of it. 



Returning now to Kerguelen, for a similar circuit of the globe 

 in the oceanic hemisphere, the first and almost only land traversed 

 is southern Patagonia, a region of well-known inhospitality of 

 climate and scantiness of population. The bleak Httle port of 

 Puntas Arenas is almost the only town of note south of the 50th 

 parallel in its entire circuit. The hard lot of the Tierra del Fuegans 

 has become proverbial. The Falkland Islands He only 1° to 3° 

 south of the 50th parallel, and yet they show no signs of aboriginal 

 inhabitants. Sea products and sheep raising have drawn to them 

 about 2,000 Europeans and South Americans. The small islands 

 of Auckland, Campbell, Macquarie, and Emerald, south of New 

 Zealand near 60° S. Lat., seem to show some special effects of the 

 warm return current of the South Pacific, but still they have rather 

 severe climates and are only inhabited by a few sheep raisers. 

 Taking the southern oceanic circuit as a whole, its climate is strik- 

 ingly more severe than that of the northern more largely continental 

 circuit. 



