Sidney Melmore—The St. Bees Sandstone. 1% 
but outside the western edge, albeit this third belt forms more 
obviously part of the second one. 
The surface-level of the Permian zone varies between 2,000 and 
1,000 metres altitude, the highest being at Montgioie and Chétif 
(Courmayeur) and the lowest near Modane and in the Doron Valley, 
while the parallel Archean zones vary in altitude between 4,000 and 
3,000 metres. Itis therefore obvious that the Permian and concomitant 
zones must have been deposited in a longitudinal trough at a time 
when the Archean groups had already experienced a first partial 
raising, followed by a long period of erosion in the Lower Paleozoic 
interval. The marked unconformity at the points of contact between 
the Archean and the Paleozoic and Mesozoic formations warrants the 
same inference of a long intervening period of erosion. A further 
uprise, which also affected the secondary formations, appears, on similar 
grounds of unconformable superposition, to have taken place in post- 
Liassic,! and a third occurred in Miocene times, which last-named 
movement, proceeding, like the preceding ones, mainly in a radial sense 
from the south-east, viz. from the Mediterranean, probably imparted 
to the. Maritime and the Western Alps, as also to the Ligurian and 
Apuan ranges, their present general alignment and configuration. 
The initial emergence of the Montgioie and Apuan ranges as 
ellipsoidal groups probably occurred before that of the Apennines; 
but it 1s during the third and last great movement that the final uprise 
of the Permian schists, already more or less subjected to metamorphism 
and overlain by the younger formations, must have taken place in the 
Apuan Alps as the nucleus of that range, and as its average surface- 
level of about 1,500 metres above the sea is the same as that of the 
. analogous zone in the Maritime and Western Alps, it follows that 
the Permian formation in all the three ranges must have been raised 
to its present level simultaneously in Miocene times. 
V.—A CuHemican Examination or tHE Sr. Brees Sanpsrone oF 
West CUMBERLAND. 
By SIDNEY MELMORE. 
{J\HE following analyses were made to ascertain the magnitude of 
local variations in the St. Bees Sandstone of West Cumberland. 
It will be convenient for this purpose to consider the district as 
follows :— : 
_ The area south of St. Bees, as far as Calder Bridge. 
The area north of Maryport, as far as Wigton. 
1. THe area sour or Sr. Buss. 
In view of its basin-shaped character, the observed dips in this area 
vary considerably in value and direction. On the whole, however, 
there is a constant dip to the south. 
1 Of this post-Liassic uprise, followed by a period of erosion, evidence is 
afforded by a general and marked discordance between the strata of the Upper 
Lias and the Tithonian, and, again, between the Neocomian and Senonian 
both in the Western and in the Apuan Alps. 
DECADE VI.—VOL. IlI.—NO. I. 2 
