Professor Percy Kendall—Glacier Lake Channels. 79 
rapid shrinkage brought down to a condition of equilibrium that was 
maintained for a long period. 
The distribution and state of preservation of jake channels is 
interestingly related to the several drift sheets. Within the area 
occupied by the ice at the Hessle stage the channels are generally in a 
very perfect condition, all their contours are sharp and intact; outside 
this area, but still within the glaciated region, are traces of half 
obliterated channels such as those detected by Mr. Lower Carter in 
the valleys of the Don and Dearne. Finally, in the area that altogether 
escaped the ice invasion these anomalous valleys are, I believe, 
entirely absent, a fact that finds no explanation in Professor 
Bonney’s courageous hypothesis. 
The facts I have set forth appear to me to render it in a high 
degree improbable that the channels on Murk Mire Moor can be of 
any great antiquity—certainly not deserving even the qualified and 
indefinite reference to ‘‘ post-Jurassic, if not post-Cretaceous’’; and 
the fact that, like other ‘‘ certain channels”, of which I have seen 
many hundreds, they are not filled with, or even occupied by, glacial 
deposits, while the great adjacent valleys of the Esk and Murk Esk 
contain enormous accumulations of boulder-clay and glacial gravels, 
seems incompatible with their existence in pré-Glacial times. What- 
ever the agent that deposited the boulder-clay, whether, as I believe, 
it was moving land-ice, or whether, as Professor Bonney at one time 
thought, it was an ice-encumbered sea, it is hard to understand how 
channels far below the elevation reached by the Drift deposits in the 
neighbourhood could, if pre-existent, have escaped an infilling of 
glacial stuff. Mr. Bernard Smith has remarked that some channels 
are actually excavated in the drift deposits themselves, which seems 
decisive, for, to adapt an illustration of Hugh Miller’s, the graves 
cannot be older than the graveyard. 
I now return to an argument employed in the first portion of this 
- communication, namely, that based upon the systematic arrangement 
of the channels. 
Cleveland is only one of many districts in which channels of the 
same type have been detected. At the risk of prolixity I must 
mention several: the Pentlands and Lammermuirs(1)!; Cheviots (2); 
the Wansbeck and Coquet (3); Tyne, Wear, and Tees (4); the 
Cross Feil escarpment (5); Swaledale; Wensleydale; Nidderdale; 
Wharfedale, and Airedale (6); the Hambleton Hills; the lower slopes 
of the Pennines from Masham to Tadcaster (7); the basins of the 
Don and Dearne (8); the Yorkshire Wolds (9); the Lincolnshire 
Wolds (10); Black Combe (11); the Forest of Bowland, East 
* (1) Kendall & Bailey, Trans. Edin. Roy. Soce., vol. xlvi, pt. i, No. 1, 1908; 
(2) Kendall & Muff, Trans. Edin. Geol. Soc., vol. viii, 1903; (3) Smythe, 
Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumberland and Durham, N.s., vol. iii, pt. i, 
1908; (4) Dwerryhouse, Q.J.G.S., vol. lviii, p. 572, 1902; (5) Kendall, 
Naturalist, 1912; (6) Jowett & Muff, Proc. Yorks. Geol. Soc., vol. xv, p. 193, 
1904; (7) Kendall, Brit. Assoc. Rep., 1896; (8) Carter, Proc. Yorks. 
Geol. Soc., vol. xv, p. 411, 1905; (9) Kendall, ibid., p. 493; (10) Kendall and 
Carter, Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. xix, p. 114; (11) Smith, Q.J.G.S., vol. lxviii, 
p. 402, 1912; (12) Jowett, Q.J.G.S., vol. lxx, p. 199, 1915. 
