Notices of Memoirs—Artesian Water in Manitoba. 219 
with the slates in the beds of the Mekong and Salween further north 
(i.e. in the north-east) and the oldest rocks in this region. 
It will be readily recognized how complicated is the geology of 
this region and how difficult it will be to unravel, not only on 
account of the vast extent of country involved and the physical 
difficulties of travel, but also owing to the alterations and displace- 
ments of the strata consequent on the great irruptions of granite, 
which is found from the river-beds, 6,000 feet above sea-level, to the 
erests of the Mekong—Salween divide at 18,000 feet, and to the fact 
that the Burmese hinterland is covered with impenetrable jungle. 
Tosumup. Everything in the arrangement of the rocks throughout 
this region so far as I am acquainted with it, points to a synclinal 
structure, or more accurately fan structure, between the Brahmapootra 
and the Yangtze, induced by a pressure acting from west to east as 
the final phase of crust movement, which breached a continuous 
Sino-Himalayan axis, the result of a previous crust movement from 
south to north. The present hydrography of the region is due to 
a fusion of two sets of rivers which have become involved since the 
second phase of crust movement; the peculiar loops into which some 
of the rivers have been thrown must be ascribed partly to the 
buckling and twisting of vertical strata consequent on pressure acting 
at right angles to the dip, whereby rivers following the strike of the 
rocks have been thrown out of their course. Finally, there has been 
a rift formation in addition, due to a lateral tension strain, acting at 
right angles to the long axes of the synclines, or to a sagging of the 
anticlines with consequent rupture of the synclines. Complications 
have been introduced by the bursting through of enormous masses of 
eranite, which have tossed aside and altered the sedimentary rocks. 
The whole of this region must once have been under water like the 
Hkamti plain, but in the east subsequent alteration has gone so far 
that there are no clays and sandstones left, and the further east one 
goes the greater is the metamorphism and crumpling of the rocks. 
Possibly the pressure which gave rise to these mountain ranges is still 
acting from the west, and the white mountains which lift up their 
heads so proudly will grow yet higher and grander; but the fires 
which blasted this corner of Asia are drawn, the great lakes are 
drained. Only the restless rivers still pour through the terrific breach 
in the Asiatic divide to the hot south, to be followed through the rent 
they had torn not less impetuously by the hordes of hardy northmen 
who, six centuries before Christ, overran the plains of Indo-China. 
NOTICES OF MEMOTRS. 
Arresian WarTeR 1N Manrropa.’ By J. B. Tyrrex. 
OR many years, in fact almost ever since Winnipeg has been 
a city, it has depended for its water supply on wells sunk 
through the impervious layer of Boulder-clay which underlies the 
city, into a bed of porous limestone from which water rises in great 
abundance. From these wells the city has been able to obtain 
1 From the Canadian Engineer, vol. xxvi, No. 15, p. 574, April 9, 1914. 
