A. Kk. Horwood—Upper Trias, Leicestershire. 361 
Keuper. It is clear that these facts are intimately interwoven with 
the three prime movements, Caledonian, Charnian, and Pennine, 
affecting this area, with the noticeable overlap, erosion of pre-Triassic 
Jand-surfaces, as well as the causes already mentioned, of the normal 
deltaic succession. 
The sandstone horizons intercalated between the marls, in both 
Lower and Upper Keuper, when not lenticular, suggest shore 
conditions, a fact proved by the character of the flora and fauna as 
well. Usually they retain traces of delta-bedding, which must be 
taken to mark fluviatile or estuarine conditions: It is possible 
that some of the lenticular bands may be due to the alternation of 
seasons of overflow or flood and drier conditions, and represent the 
sand or silt caught upon normally submerged banks of muddier 
sediment’ The explanation that these white or grey sandy calcareous 
zones owe their colour to bleaching, or exposure to atmosphere (and 
they alone contain ripples and salt pseudomorphs), is corroborative 
of this suggestion. As they occur in the Upper Keuper in the red 
beds in what I regard as the lake phase of the delta epoch they 
would hardly be sediment deposited on river banks as in the 
Mississippi, but rather accretions to submerged mud-banks, and 
the difference in the character of the sediment! would be due to 
abnormal sequence of deposition at flood-times, i.e. thin beds of silt 
or sand in place of mud over deposits in deeper water, instead of in 
thick beds near the shore. The alternating sandstones and marls 
in the Lower Keuper may be in part due to overflow of banks, in part 
to deposition nearer shore, before the lake phase commenced. 
The height to which Red Marl reaches at Bardon Hill is somewhat 
difficult to explain except upon the supposition that there was 
considerable oscillation of level, and as in a river valley deposits may 
be formed at different levels so that the sequence may be obscured, so 
the isolated marls at Bardon may be regarded as homologous with 
beds at different levels elsewhere. The existence of Rhetic and Lias 
outlers west of Charnwood at Needwood Forest and elsewhere 
indicates that originally Charnwood was not, as now, a lofty peak, but 
buried in deposits now cleared away by denudation between Jurassic 
and Glacial times. The relative position of the Bardon Marls, 
however, in the sequence affords a datum-line upon which to estimate 
the thickness and extent of strata removed. 
The stratigraphic details given show that, as Dr. Matley finds in 
the Warwickshire area, there is, apart from the south-easterly dip 
and the radial dip around Charnwood and similar ranges of hills, 
a marked uniformity in the horizontal character of the beds. This 
must be discounted in so far as the occurrence of flexures can be 
indicated in this area by gentle undulations connected with the main 
movements affecting the Midlands. 
A feature to be remarked upon, further, as to the relation of 
sandstones and marls is the preponderance of the latter in regard to 
vertical height and horizontal extent. The proportion of sandstone 
* Grey beds more arenaceous and calcareous, of higher specific gravity than 
the red beds. 
Carried further out by the increased velocity of the current. 
