A. R. Horwood—Upper Trias, Leicestershire. 367 
the country is gently undulating with occasional conspicuous hills, 
crowned by patches of sandy drift. Over a great part.of Leicester- 
shire this feature is well-marked. 
There is no doubt that the alternation of hard skerries or sandstones 
and soft marls causes to a great extent (along with drift mantles) 
this type of country with ridge and furrow on a large scale. ‘The 
occurrence of these undulations are evident from Gloucestershire as 
far as Newark. 
The same sort of differentiation may be attributed to the Lower - 
Keuper, and the position of stone beds at the top of the waterstones 
about Appleby up to Normanton, as in the Notts district noticed by 
William Smith, is of a similar order. The same features occur around 
Kegworth. Flat-topped hills are formed by the sandstones in the 
Notts district. 
In general the dip is south-east as a whole, but varies from point to 
point in direction and degree, a fact which must be put down to the 
existence of undulations that can only be indicated provisionally. 
Another cause for variation in this is the necessarily radial or quaqua- 
versal dip around Charnwood Forest, and submerged granitic and 
syenitic knolls. Away from these last, where it exceeds the average 
amount of 1° to the south-east and differs in direction (as noted earlier 
in this paper under stratigraphic details, and vide Map), it may be 
concluded that there are a series of synclines and anticlines with 
dome structure, as observed in Gloucestershire by Mr. Richardson and 
in Warwickshire by Dr. Matley. As remarked, the Lower Keuper 
exhibits in Leicestershire most variation, because its outcrop is less 
obscured by drift than the Red Marl, where few dip calculations can 
be made (except radial dip around Charnwood, etc.). And it has been 
noted already that in places the waterstones thicken locally to the 
west. In Notts they thicken westward at Burton Joyce, Thurgarton, 
and Newark, due to an actual thickening or to a persistence of sandy 
beds higher up in the Marl Series, or to both causes, as noted by | 
Mr. Lamplugh. 
It is plain that the earth-movements preceding the Triassic period 
have affected the later rocks, and that folds then produced have 
influenced beds of later age, the folds being accentuated by subsequent 
movements. The Pennine Chain, which was initiated after the Coal- 
measure period and before the Permian, is one of these, running north 
and south. It is probable that it has acted upon the later Triassic 
rocks in the Kegworth district. 
Disturbances in the Lias near Barrow show the influence of move- 
ments north-east and south-west, or Caledonian in character. Faults 
such as the Sileby and Barrow fault are of Charnian type, north-west 
and south-east in trend. All these three movements have not only 
influenced rocks earlier or later than the Trias, but these earlier faults 
have also been affected by the later ones. 
The strike is mainly north-east and south-west, as in other areas, 
and Caledonian in direction. The faults at Glen Parva and Spinney 
Hills, north-west by south-east, are of Charnian character, a direction 
initiated in pre-Cambrian times, and doubtless this movement has 
been continuous since. The dome structures of Langcliffe and Enderby 
