Reviews—Geology and the Panama Canal. 521 
‘1347. King Edward III grants to the Warden and Convent of the Grey 
Friars of Exeter ‘quod ipsi duos modicos [sic] atque ortus se jungentes in pro- 
funditate fossati civitatis Exon inter orientalem et australem portas ejusdem 
civitatis profundius fodere et muro lapideo basso includere et aquam de ortibus 
illis sive fonte inde facto exinde per fistulam subterraneam in fossato predicto 
et ultra stratam regiam usque ad domum sive habitacionem fratrum pre- 
dictorum, qua in loco sicco situatur et ad quam aque cursus non habitur, 
ponendam ducere ac caput fontis predicti dictamque fistulam quotiens reparacione 
et emandacione indigent reparare et emendare ac de novo construere et facere 
prout magis expedire viderint’, etc.’’ 
‘©1444, The chamber obtain licence to dig for water in St. Sidwell’s Fee 
and to carry away the water in leaden pipes to the new conduit.”’ 
1534. ‘Mdm. that John Newtun and John Geboons beganne to make the 
erete condet of Exsetur the viij day of Novembre, and here folowyth the costes 
and charges.’ ‘ Thys ys the hole boke, the sum thereof trewly caste as y can 
do—xxyiijlt. xjs. viijd.’ ”’ 
** 1600 and 1649. Contracts made to lay new leaden pipes to the conduits 
and cisterns of the city.”’ 
“1694. Contract concerning the waterworks and the supplying of the city 
with water. And in 1695 the Mayor, etc., make a grant of the waterworks of 
the city and several parcels of land for a term of 200 years.”’ 
The last document brings the matter almost to our own days. 
RAVIEwWwS. 
i Sere 
1.—Gronocy AND THE Panama CANAL. 
(TVHE United States Department of the Interior (Bureau of Mines) 
has issued a Bulletin (No. 86) by Donald F. Macdonald on 
‘Some Engineering Problems of the Panama Canal in their relation 
to Geology and Topography”. ‘his extremely interesting publi- 
cation (price 45 cents) deals with topographic types, climate, 
streams, valleys, coastal conditions, and their several relations to 
the works. It discusses the general geology and its connexion 
with the engineering problems as found in the sedimentary 
and the igneous masses cut through. Then with the structural 
geology, folding, faulting, shearing, fissuring, jointing, and in- 
trusions; values of the various rock material for constructive work ; 
stability of foundation rocks and conditions affecting the same; 
slides, their causes and remedies, with full details of the canal slides 
and illustrative slides from other areas and their cure; local heating 
of rock masses by chemical decomposition on weathering, by drilling 
or blasting ; danger from earthquakes or earth-movement, ete. All 
which matter can be applied to any constructive works according to 
varying local conditions, and therefore of considerable value in handy 
octavo form. The pamphlet closes with a tabulation showing the 
cost per cubic yard of dry excavation, crushed stone, coarse rock, 
sand, masonry, etc., and provides bibliographies of ‘slides’ and 
methods of mining.—C. D. 8. 
IJ.—Tuicknessres oF STRATA OF THE CounTIEs or ENneLanD AND 
Wats. Memoirs of the Geological Survey. pp. vi+ 172. 1916. 
NDER this title the Geological Survey have issued a summary of 
the chief facts regarding the thicknesses of the newer strata 
of England and Wales. The authors wisely limit themselves to 
