548 Dr. A. Wilmore—The Northern Pennines. 
E.N.E. Near the Fault there is considerable and somewhat intense 
local folding, and probably some repetition of the beds. 
North of the Craven Gap, and stretching to the Tyne Gap, is the 
Plateau, or Block country—the Northern Pennines of this paper— 
determined mainly by the three great western fault systems; these 
are the Pennine, the Dent, and the Craven Faults. Three ‘blocks’ 
of the Northern Pennines are thus formed: (1) the Cross Fell block, 
(2) the Mallerstang or Dent block, (3) the Ingleborough-Penygent 
block. On these plateau blocks the mountains stand, excellent 
examples of mountains of circumdenudation or residual mountains. 
Ingleborough or Penygent may be taken as a type of these mountain 
masses, standing on the plateau floor of the Great Scar Limestone 
and capped by outliers of Millstone Grit. The Great Scar Limestone 
is gradually replaced towards the north by the coming in of the 
Bernician type. The Great Scar Limestone of the Penygent block is 
a region famous for pot-holes and underground streams, such pot- 
holes as Gaping Ghyll and Alum Pot being well known. On the 
great plateau numerous streams disappear to reissue in the valleys 
below, frequently at the unconformity where the limestone, with or 
without its basement conglomerate, lies almost horizontally on the 
upturned edges of the Older Paleozoic rocks. 
These plateau blocks are not all similarly related to the adjacent 
westerly regions. On the east of the great Pennine Fault is the 
wedge-shaped Vale of Eden, filled with Permian and Triassic strata. 
There is an interesting inlier chiefly of Older Paleeozoic rocks 
occurring between the Carboniferous plateau block and the New 
Red beds of the plain. This is known as the Cross Fell inlier, and is 
characterized by a series of magnificent ‘pikes’, like a narrow strip of 
the Lake Country tacked on to the western edge of the Pennines. This 
inlier stretches from near Brough in the south to Melmerby in the 
north. The Dent Fault has its downthrow to the east, and along 
the complex fault-line the Carboniferous Limestone is in contact 
with the Older Paleozoic rocks of the Howgill Fells and the moors 
to the north and north-east of Kirkby Lonsdale. The Carboniferous 
block to the east of this fault is the Mallerstang block of this paper. 
It is remarkable for the great number of mountain masses which rise 
to between 2,000 and 2,400 feet. An eastern part of this block is 
the original region of the Yoredale of Professor Phillips ( Wensleydale 
is Yoredale or Uredale). The Craven Fault system throws the 
Carboniferous Limestone, chiefly the Great Scar Limestone, against 
Permian, or Coal-measures, or Millstone Grit, or the higher divisions 
of the Carboniferous Limestone itself. 
To the geographer the change of scenery in crossing these faults is 
most interesting. The view from the western limestone scars of the 
Cross Fell block across the Vale of Eden to the Lake District mountains 
is one of the finest in Britain. The change from the Older Paleozoic 
Howgill Fells, Grayrigg Fells, Middleton and Barbon Fells eastward 
across Garsdale or Dentdale to the Carboniferous Fells of the Yoredale 
country of Mallerstang is, perhaps, not so striking but is yet very 
marked. The change from the Penygent block—with its great 
plateau floor, its step-like Yoredale mountains, capped with grits, 
