Revietvs — Pwmjjelly's Excavations at Anaii. 557 



incorrectly the structure of the ambulacra — a feature of primary 

 importance, and often not clearly seen in specimens. 



We have considered this work from the point of view of the student 

 of palaeontology rather than from that of the specialist, and have 

 drawn attention to some features in the hope that the author may 

 have the opf)ortunity of increasing the utility of his work. We 

 regret that the author should have been contented with the statement 

 " Valuable as a preliminary training in general Biology is to the 

 student of Palaeontology . . . ", and we doubt if any petrologist 

 would have made a similar remark implying that a preliminary 

 training in Physics, Chemistry, and Mineralogy is not essential for 

 the study of Petrology. 



Pumpelly's Excavations at Anau, Turkestan, and the Origin 



OP Domesticated Animals. 

 fTlHE important archaeological results of Professor Raphael 

 -"- Pumpelly's expedition to the Kurgans (continuously inhabited 

 sites, now like Tumuli), of Anau in 1903-4 were made public by 

 h.im in his " Interdependent Evolution of Oases and Civilizations ", 

 published in the Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 

 (xvii, 1906, 637-70). The details are now made known in his 

 " Explorations in Turkestan, Expedition of 1904, Prehistoric 

 Civilizations of Anau " (Carnegie Institution), which contains 

 Dr. Duerst's exhaustive report on the vertebrate remains. As 

 to the archaeology it will be enough here to roughly tabulate the 

 results as : — 



Evidence. Date. Proof. 



Anau V. 4th century a.d. Sassanian coins. 



Gap (strata denuded and lost). 

 Anau IV. 4 feet. Iron aoe Iron sickles. 



(c. 1000-1300 B.C.) Wheel-made pottery. 

 Gap of 8 feet of strata apparently unoccupied. 

 Anau III. 64 feet. Copper age 29 copper objects ; flint knives, 



(c. 2000-) sawsandscrapers,clayfigures 



of Ishtar, bird-headed lion 

 seal, wheel-made pottery. 

 Gap (strata denuded and lost). 

 Anau II 15 feet. Early copper age Flint sickles ; 4 copper objects, 



(c. 3500-) sling stones, flint knives, 



hand-made pottery. 

 Anau I. 45 feet. Stone age Domestic animals; only wild 



(Neolithic) animal bones at base, 



(c. 5000-10000). 

 The special interest to readers of the Geological Magazine will 

 naturally lie in Dr. Duerst's report, and as this is elaborate one may 

 best secure his general results by paraphrasing Professor Pumpelly's 

 sketch in his "Reminiscences" (New York, 1918). There were 

 3,500 bones, of which one-third were skulls, jaws, and teeth. 

 Excepting human skeletons, the lower 5 feet contained bones only 

 of wild animals. The next 40 feet contain the record of the progress 

 of domestication on this site successively of ox, pig, and sheep — and 



