APPENDIX. U 



In the first place it may be stated that these springs are 

 situated in a narrow valley, two thousand feet above tide, near 

 the eastern margin of Greenbrier County, West Virginia, and 

 also within a few miles of the dividing line between Virginia and 

 West Virginia. A little to the northwestward of the inclosed 

 grounds at the springs, which are not situated quite in the lowest 

 part of the valley, flows Howard's creek, a beautiful, perfectly 

 clear mountain stream, that runs westward into Greenbrier 

 River, a tributary of the Great Kanawha. Almost immediately 

 on the southeast side of the grounds, and at a little greater 

 distance across the valley to the northwestward, mountains, 

 clothed with pines and various deciduous trees, rise from twelve 

 to fifteen hundred feet above the valley ; that to the northwest- 

 ward being composed, at least near its base, of shales and flags 

 of the age of the Hamilton Group (including the Marcellus 

 shale) of the New York series; while that on the southeastward, 

 for five or six hundred feet above its base, is composed of the 

 same formation, with heavy beds of Chemung strata above, the 

 whole dipping at a high angle to the southeast, and containing 

 many characteristic fossils. To the southward Kate's Mountain 

 is in sight, at a distance of two miles; while Greenbrier Mountain 

 bounds the view on the west, within a mile or so of the springs. 

 Four to five miles to the eastward, the Alleghany Mountains 

 proper occur, the springs being west of the principal crest of this 

 range, in the midst of a district abounding in mineral springs of 

 various kinds and tempei'atures. 



The grandeur of the scenery of this region, its pure mountain 

 air, always comparatively cool and pleasant during the hottest 

 part of the season at this altitude, together with the well-known 

 medicinal properties of its waters, and the elegant and ample 

 preparations for the accommodation of large numbers of visitors, 

 render this a delightful place for invalids and seekers of pleasure 

 and comfort to while away the sultry months of summer. 



As stated by Prof. Rogers, these springs issue directly from 

 a local uplift of rock of the age of the Oriskany sandstone of the 

 New York series ; but so near the junction of this with the overly 

 lower black shales at the base of the Hamilton group, as to ren- 

 der it probable that the water derives its sulphurous properties, 

 and possibly some of its salts, from the latter.* 



* According to Prof. Rogers's analysis, the solid matter left by the 

 evaporation of 100 cubic inches of this water, at a temperature of 212° 

 Fah., was 65.54 grains, composed as follows: — , 



Sulphate of lime ..... 31.680 grains. 

 Sulphate of magnesia .... 8.241 " 



Sulphate of soda ..... 4.050 " 

 Carbonate of lime ..... 1.530 " 

 Carbonate of magnesia .... 0.506 " 

 Chloride of magnesium .... 0.071 " 



Chloride of calcium 0.010 " 



(27) 



