APPENDIX. VIU 



cate that tbe beds at these two excavations occupy about the 

 same position in the series. 



Returning to the springs, which are situated in the axis of 

 elevation, we find that several deep cuts and tunnels along the 

 railroad, just east of the same, present fine sections of the Ham- 

 ilton group shaly beds, with more or less of harder and more 

 compact gray layers intercalated. The more shaly softer beds 

 here present the usual light-drab and grayish tints, but at one 

 place I noticed some very dark shale. Generally fossils seem to 

 be rare here also, along the cuts of the road, though in some of 

 the harder more arenaceous beds, within about one mile of the 

 springs, I found casts of a few Hamilton types. 



Between this and Alleghany tunnel, three and a half miles 

 southeast of the springs by a right line, I only saw the rocks in 

 passing along on the cars. As already stated, the dip of the 

 strata east of the springs is to the southeastward, with the excep- 

 tion of local distortions, apparently all the way to Lewis's tunnel 

 and beyond ; and as the direction of the road between these two 

 places is nearly, though not exactly, the same as the dip, in 

 coming eastward, we ascend again rather rapidly in the series, the 

 inclination of the strata being at a pretty high angle. With 

 local exceptions, the beds become less shaly, with a larger pro- 

 portion of hard layers in coming eastward. At the west end of 

 Alleghany tunnel, which is seven-eighths of a mile in length, and 

 at nearly the same actual elevation as the springs, I saw gray 

 and olive shales, with some more compact arenaceous layers, 

 tilted and much confused, some pai'ts standing nearly in a verti- 

 cal posture, as if crowded together by lateral pressure. Similar 

 shaly beds seem also to occur at some points in the tunnel, as it 

 has been found necessary to wall up and arch it over with masonry 

 &t places. 



At the east end of this tunnel there is a long open cut, with 

 vertical walls on each side, in which the strata are seen to be 

 more compact, and show little of the shaly structure. They 

 generally present a bluish-gray tint on fresh fractured surfaces, 

 and dip to the southwestward at an angle of from 45° to 50° 

 below the horizon. Where long exposed to atmospheric agencies, 

 however, above the cut, on the slope of the mountains, they 

 weather to a light yellowish-gray color, but sometimes show rusty 

 surfaces, when broken. At one place, a little above the east end, 

 and on the south side of this cut, I found a mould of the ventral 

 valve of a Spirifer agreeing exactly with that of the more ex- 

 tended forms of S- mucronatus. Associated with this, however, 

 were numerous casts of the interior, and moulds of the exterior, 

 of the Chemung species S. mesacostalis, agreeing in all respects 

 with the transversely extended variety of that shell, as found in 

 New York, not only in form, surface markings, and the charac- 

 teristic mesial rib, but also in having a deep slit in casts of the 

 3 (33) 



