its Permo-Triassic Sequence. 



245 



by Aveline, Sir Andrew Ramsay, and the Survey maps. Mr. Holmes' 

 classification has been most generally followed. 1 The difference 

 between them may be shown by the following table : — 



The essential difference is that according to Mr. Holmes there are 

 three series of shales, viz. the Stanwix Shales above and two lower 

 series containing gypsum; and of these Gypseous Shales he placed 

 one above and the other below the St. Bees Sandstone. The 

 Geological Survey maps recognize only two beds of shales, for they 

 represent the Stanwix Shales as the same horizon as Mr. Holmes' 

 Upper Gypseous Shales. Aveline — in order to avoid an unconformity 

 at the base of the Lias, while accepting the beds at the bottom of the 

 Bowness and Abbeytown bores as the St. Bees Sandstone — identified 

 the Stanwix Marls as the continuation east of Carlisle of the Gypseous 

 Shales of the Great Orton, Bowness, and Abbeytown bores ; and 

 against this view Mr. Holmes indignantly and justly protested (1889, 

 pp. 244-7). Etheridge plausibly suggested (in Holmes, 1881, p. 298) 

 that the Stanwix Marls might represent the tea-green marls of the 

 Rhsetic ; otherwise the Bbsetie beds would be absent from this 

 district. 



Mr. Holmes admits that only one bed of Gypseous Shales has been 

 seen on the surface ; but he holds that the bores at Bowness and 

 Abbeytown revealed the existence of a thick series of Gypseous Shales 

 above the St. Bees Sandstone. 



The Bowness bore (Holmes, 1899, pp. 54-5) was sunk in 1809 ; it 

 passed through 322 feet of Gypseous Shales and left off in a 

 " red stone ". No one living appears to have seen this material, which 

 Mr. Holmes has identified as the St. Bees Sandstone. The bore at 

 Abbeytown was put down in 1875-6 ; it went through 198* feet of 

 alluvium and glacial deposits; then through 746-i- feet of Gypseous 

 Shales ; and passed for 75 feet through sandstones which Mr. Holmes 

 has identified as the St. Bees Sandstone (1899, p. 54). As 



1 e.g. by H. B. Woodward, Geology of England and Wales, 2nd ed., 1887, 

 p. 212 ; also J. E. Marr, in Geology in the Field, Geol. Assoc. 1910, p. 655. 



2 The Stanwix Shales may include some Upper Keuper as well as the 

 Bhsetic, for Holmes (1889, p. 242) claims an unconformity between these beds 

 and the Kirklinton Sandstone. 



