Reviews — Philip Lakes Physical Geography. 277 



Upper Jurassic horizons high up in the Changamwe Shales. 1 He 

 obtained no more marine fossils from any of his supposed Cretaceous 

 Malm, Upper Dogger, or Middle Dogger horizons anywhere inland 

 from Mazeras, "with the exception of the cross-section of a Belemnite 

 and skeleton impression of an Ammonite, mentioned above as from 

 material brought down to Kilindini harbour works. As the supposed 

 horizon is several hundred feet below beds containing Estheria, it 

 may be assumed that, if the identification of Belemnite and Ammonite 

 is correct, the material has been referred to a wrong horizon, even as 

 the fossil trunk brought down at Mombasa was thought to come from 

 the Maungu gneiss. 



Lamellibranchs {Exogyra, etc.), claimed to indicate an Aptian 

 horizon, have been found north of Mombasa Island, but they were 

 obtained from the top of the Changamwe Shales, not from the 

 Mazeras Sandstones. No palseontological evidence exists for believing 

 that Cretaceous rocks are exposed on the line of the Uganda Railway. 

 On the other hand, from the gneiss inland to the coast there is an 

 upward succession of grits and sandstones with shales, containing 

 only plant-remains and Estheria, until the limestones at the base of 

 the Changamwe Shales are reached, when marine fossils appear for 

 the first time. The age of the lowest marine horizon has not been 

 determined, but the higher fossiliferous beds indicate Upper Jurassic. 



Professor Haug has inserted Praas' horizontal section in his Traite 

 de Geologie, vol. ii, p. 1043, but the accompanying description, giving 

 lists of marine fossils of Bathonian, Callovian, and Oxfordian ages, 

 refer to discoveries said to have been made in German East Africa, 

 and is consequently most misleading. One would think that Pseudo- 

 monotis echinata had been found where gneiss actually crops out, an d 

 that Callovian fossils had been obtained from beds in which I obtained 

 Estheria and Thuyites. 



REVIEWS. 



I. — Physical Geography. By Philip Lake, M.A. pp. xx + 324. 

 Cambridge University Press, 1915. 



THIS textbook of Physical Geography is intended for the more 

 advanced students in schools, yet its standard is sufficiently high 

 to be of value to teachers as well. Since the author is both a practical 

 geographer and geologist, as well as a teacher, we find that his 

 treatment of the subject maintains a fairly even balance between these 

 two branches of science. 



The subject of environment, or the influence of Nature, and contact 

 with other beings, upon the individual, is not discussed : the book, 

 therefore, lacks the human element, and may prove a disappointment 

 to a certain section of the geographical school, which at times is 

 rather apt to construct plausible theories based upon insecure founda- 

 tions. Mr. Lake has rather aimed at instilling into his readers 

 a fairly deep knowledge of the natural phenomena likely to be 

 experienced at any particular part of the globe, leaving the effects of 

 environment to be deduced by the students themselves. 



1 Futterer, Zeitsch. der deutsch. geol. Ges., vol. xlvi, p. 1, 1893. 



