436 Dr. Nils Olof Hoist — The Ice Age in England. 



implements. 1 Some of them can be completely matched among 

 V. Commont's pre-Grlacial implements from Moutieres-les-Amiens, 2 

 as well as among M. de Puydt's contemporaneous implements from 

 Sainte-Walburge. 3 In other words, it follows from this that the 

 Palaeolithic implements at Crayford belong to the oldest Mousterian, 

 which has a stratigraphical position immediately below the deposits 

 of the Ice Ag"e, while the remaining portions of the Mousterian 

 belong to the " maximum of glaciation ". 



Among the fossiliferous deposits at present known in the London 

 district, the Arctic bed at Ponders End i belongs to the period 

 immediately following the bed at Erith-Crayford. This both under- 

 lies and overlies gravel, and the whole is covered by loam. Since this 

 last formation is the true ' late-glacial ' 5 deposit, the Arctic bed 

 cannot also be that. Neither can it be glacial. In that case it would 

 have been deposited during some milder stage constituting a break in 

 the Ice Age itself. For that, however, it is far too considerable, 

 sometimes, as at Huxley Farm, attaining a thickness of several 

 metres ; besides, its flora and molluscan fauna are much too rich. It 

 must then be pre-glacial, and, as such, is the latest known fossiliferous 

 deposit in the Thames Valley. 



The gravel beneath the Arctic bed is therefore itself also pre-glacial. 

 The position of the upper gravel just below the ' late-glacial ' loam 

 indicates that it is glacial, and where the uppermost layers of the 

 gravel yield huge blocks as they do at Hanwell, west of London, or 

 where they are clearly contorted, there can be no doubt that the 

 layers at any rate at these places were deposited during the Ice Age 

 itself. 



The Hate-glaciaV loam, which usually goes by the scarcely geological 

 and frequently inappropriate name of ' brick-earth ', belongs to the 

 period of the melting of the inland ice. Here, however, we only 

 have to deal with that part of the loam which during the first stage 

 of the melting was deposited outside the true moraine region or 



1 E. Brice Higgins, Jan. 1914. "Flint Implements of Moustier type an'd 

 associated Mammalian Eemains from the Crayford Brick-earths ' ' ; with a note 

 by B. A. Smith: Man, vol. 14, pp. 4-8. 



2 V. Commont, 1912. " Mousterien a faune chaude dans la valine de la 

 Somme a Moutieres-les-Amiens" : Congr. internat. Anthrop. Arch, prehist., 

 Geneve, p. 291. 



3 Marcel de Puydt, J. H. Nandrin, & J. Servain, 1913. " Le gisement de 

 Sainte-Walburge dans le limon hesbayen " : Liige PaUolithique, Liege. 



Since this paper was written the author has visited the well-known locality 

 Bickmansworth. At the bottom of the old river-gravel, 18-19 feet thick 

 and only a few inches above the Chalk, are here found Chellean, Acheulian, 

 and early, primitive Mousterian, all pre-glacial. This is therefore a new 

 locality for " Mousterian with warm fauna ". 



4 S. H. Warren, 1912. "On a Late Glacial Stage in the Valley of the 

 Biver Lea, subsequent to the epoch of river-drift man " : Quart. Journ. Geol. 

 Soc, vol. 68, pp. 213-28". 



5 Here and in the following pages the usual term ' late-glacial ' is used for 

 the last glacial deposits in Southern England. This term, however, is correct 

 only when applied locally, for if these deposits are considered in connexion 

 with all the deposits of the Ice Age they cannot be described as really late- 

 glacial, the true late-glacial deposits being much later. This question of 

 terminology will be reverted to later on. 



