the Antiquity of Man. 471 



in Norfolk and Suffolk. They occur also in the Upper Miocenes of 

 Puy-Courny (Auvergne), in the Pleistocene gravels of London, and 

 the present shore-line of Selsey, where they are now probably being 

 made by the breakers. For these reasons I agree with M. Boule 

 that they have not been proved to have been made by man, 

 and that therefore they throw no light on his place in the geological 

 record. 



The presence of man in East Anglia during the Glacial period is 

 founded on even worse evidence than this. The Ipswich skeleton 

 on which Moir and Keith base their speculations was obtained from 

 a shallow pit sunk through the surface soil of decalcified boulder- 

 clay — not of boulder-clay in situ, as stated — into the Glacial sand 

 that crops out on the valley slope. It is, in my opinion, a case of 

 interment that may be of any age from the neolithic to modern 

 times. The skeleton also is of ' modern type, and belongs, as 

 Duckworth shows, to the graveyard series of burials. 



We come now to the consideration of the evidence of the famous 

 discovery on Piltdown of Eoanthropus Dawsoni — the missing link 

 between primitive man and the higher apes. After the examination 

 of the whole group of remains, and a study of the section, I fully 

 accept Dr. Smith Woodward's opinion that the find belongs to the 

 early Pleistocene period. The associated implements are of the same 

 Chellean or Acheulean type as those so abundant in the mid- Pleistocene 

 Brick-earths of the Thames Valley between Crayford and Gravesend. 

 They may imply that JEoanthropus belongs to that horizon, in which 

 the stag is present and the reindeer absent. It must not, however, 

 be forgotten that the classificatory value of these implements is 

 lessened by their wide range in Britain and the Continent through 

 the later Pleistocene Piver deposits. The stag, the beaver, and the 

 horse of Piltdown — leaving out of account the Pliocene fossil mammals 

 more or less worn into pebbles — are common both to the pre-Glacial 

 Forest-bed and the Lower Brick-earths of the Thames Valley and the 

 later Pleistocene Piver-deposits. It must also be noted that the inter- 

 mediate characters of the Piltdown skull and lower jaw point rather 

 to the Pliocene than the Pleistocene stage of evolution. We must, in 

 my opinion, wait for further evidence before the exact horizon can be 

 ascertained. On the Continent there is no such difficulty. 



The earliest traces of man are there represented at Mauer by 

 a mandible associated with the peculiar fauna of the Forest-bed, 

 showing that JETomo Heidelbergensis, a chinless man, was living in the 

 Phine Valley during the earliest stage of the Pleistocene. The 

 Neanderthal man, thick-skulled and large-brained, with small chin 

 and stooping gait, belongs to the Mousterian stage, that, in my 

 opinion, is not clearly defined from the Chellean and Acheulian 

 gravels of the late Pleistocene. He ranged from the Rhine through 

 France southwards as far as Gibraltar, and was probably the maker 

 of the Palaeolithic implements of those strata throughout this region. 

 It is also probable that he visited Britain, then part of the Continent, 

 in following the migration of the mammalia northward and westwards 

 across the valley of the English Channel. While primitive men of 

 these types inhabited Europe there was no place in the Pleistocene 



