472 Notices of Memoirs — Classification of Land Forms. 



fauna for the thin-skulled men taken by Dr. Keith 1 and others to 

 prove that modern types of men lived in Britain in the Pleistocene age. 

 Man appears in Britain and the Continent at the period when he 

 might be expected to appear, from the study of the evolution of the 

 Tertiary Mammalia — at the beginning of the Pleistocene age when 

 the existing Eutherian mammalian species were abundant. He may 

 be looked for in the Pliocene when the existing species were few. 

 In the older strata — Miocene, Oligocene, Eocene — he can only be 

 represented by an ancestry of intermediate forms. 



(6) The Classification of Land Fokms. By Dr. J. D. Falconer, M. A. 



HMHE investigation of processes is the common ground of geology 

 1 and geography. The geographical processes, however, are less 

 numerous than the geological and are studied by geologists and 

 geographers with a different purpose. The geologist studies these 

 processes in order to elucidate the past history of the earth, the 

 geographer in order to systematize the present topographical features 

 of the surface. Geological interest in the geographical processes thus 

 ceases as soon as the so-called land forms have been referred to their 

 respective processes or combinations of processes. Since most text- 

 books of physical geography have been written from the geological 

 point of view, it follows naturally that the treatment of land forms 

 in these textbooks is entirely subsidiary to the discussion of processes 

 and offers no clue to the scientific definition and classification of 

 individual forms. It is believed, however, that these submit 

 themselves to systematic classification with almost as much ease as 

 the subject-matter of other natural sciences, and that it falls clearly 

 within the scope of geography as the science of the earth's surface to 

 establish such a classification. The first attempt in this direction 

 was made by Professor Passarge, of Hamburg, in 191 2. 2 The 

 classification outlined below is based upon similar principles and has 

 already appeared in the Scottish Geographical Magazine. 3 



It is proposed to set up two classes of land forms, each containing 

 two orders — 



Class A. Endogenetic Forms. 



Order I. Negative Forms. 



Order II. Positive Forms. 

 Class B. Exogenetic Forms. 



Order I. Degradation Forms. 



Order II. Aggradation Forms. 



The two orders of endogenetic forms are then subdivided into four 

 families — 



Family 1. Forms due to superficial volcanic activity. 



2. ,, ,, sub-crustal volcanic activity. 



3. ,, ,, radial movements. 



4. ,,' ,, tangential movements. 



1 The skeletons of Galley Hill, in Kent, and probably that of Cheddar cave 

 in Somerset, have, in my opinion been buried, and do not belong to the 

 Pleistocene age. They are either prehistoric or even historic. 



2 Mitt, der Geog. Gesell. in Hamburg, xxvi, p. 133, 1912. 



3 xxxi, p. 57, 1915. 



