506 Br. Nils Olof Hoist — The Ice Age in England. 



latitude farther south, than Honerdingen. From the faunistic and 

 floristic conditions, the conclusion may therefore be drawn that, 

 during this first period of melting, the melting of the inland ice 

 must have proceeded rapidly, and therefore cannot have occupied 

 a long time. 



None the less, the Ice Age continuously persisted right from 

 Mousterian times, though not from their first beginning, away to the 

 close of the Magdalenian stage. It is in connexion with that close 

 that the true late-glacial stage first appears, and not till after its close 

 does the true post-glacial time begin, and with it the second and final 

 melting of the inland ice, which, like the first, was fairly rapid, 

 as is quite clearly proved by the contemporaneous Scandinavian 

 deposits. 



It is therefore incorrect and quite misleading to use the terms 

 ' late-glacial ' and 'post-glacial' for beds deposited during the first 

 melting stage or between the first and second cold stages of the 

 Ice Age, between the Mousterian and the Magdalenian. Thus the 

 deposits from these intervening stages should be called Intermediate, 

 as they really are. 



The danger of this inaccuracy cannot be better emphasized than by 

 reference to the Magdalenian occurrences in the outposts of the Alps 

 (Schweizersbild, Kesslerloch, Schussenried, etc.). These occur in 

 the peripheral moraine district, and have therefore even lately been 

 called by the archaeologists ' post-glacial' (as being younger than the 

 moraines), although in reality they are glacial, as belonging to a part 

 of the Ice Age when the cold was as strong as ever. 1 



The same mistake has been perpetrated in the Pyrenees, where the 

 same conditions obtained as in the Alps. There is, however, this 

 difference, that the Pj-renean chain is comparatively small, so that 

 the ice never had so great an extension, and may have been able to 

 melt completely or almost completely during the first melting stage 

 of the Ice Age. This has quite naturally given the Magdalenian 

 occurrences in that region a still greater appearance of being 

 ' post-glacial '. 



There has already been occasion to remark (p. 421) that the 

 first melting district of inland ice in North Germany lies between 

 the periphery of the glaciated area and the ' circumbaltic ' terminal 

 moraine. In North Germany, then, this constitutes the Intermediate 

 zone. The zone of oscillation here lies near the same moraine. 2 



It is north of this moraine that there first occurs the true post- 

 glacial zone, which thus includes the whole of the Scandinavian 



1 I feel that I cannot be very hard on this mistake, since a little more 

 than ten years ago I fell into a similar error in applying the terms ' late- 

 glacial ' and ' post-glacial ' to some North German and Danish deposits, 

 although they were so only locally and in reality are Intermediate. But that 

 point of view was at that time only subsidiary to the main object, namely, to 

 show that they couldnotbe 'interglacial'. N. 0. Hoist, 1904. " Kvartarstudier 

 i Danmark och norra Tyskland " : Geol. Foren. Stockholm Forh., Bd. 26, 

 pp. 433-52. 



2 This oscillation has long been well known from Kuhgrund, quite close to 

 the town of Lauenburg, and is there fairly clear. It may therefore be 

 appropriately called " the Kuhgrund oscillation ". 



