Dr. Nils Olof Hoist — The Ice Age in England. 507 



peninsula. So far as I can see, as I have already emphasized, this 

 is all that remains of the celebrated separate ice ages in North 

 Germany. 



The question, then, is this : Are these same three zones also found 

 in Great Britain ? I propose to show that such really is the case. 



In relation to the intermediate zone of England, the Cress well Crag 

 caves in the north of Derbyshire are particularly illuminating, since 

 they quite clearly show both when the inland ice came and when 

 it went. They were excavated in 1875-6, as well as in 1878, by 

 J. M. Mello, in part 'assisted' by Th. Heath and "W. Boyd Dawkins, 

 and were described in various memoirs, 1 among which the two from 

 1876 are the more important, in so far as the finds in the different 

 layers were here kept more distinct. 



That which lends to these caves their great and unusual interest is 

 the fact that they contain well-characterized deposits of these two 

 ages, namely, the older pre-glacial, deposited before the coming of 

 the inland ice, and the younger intermediate, deposited after its 

 withdrawal, both being characterized by palaeolithic implements of 

 older and younger stages and by different faunas, and still further 

 distinguished by an erosion of the uppermost older bed. Naturally 

 there was between the older and the younger deposits a fairly long 

 hiatus, representing the time when the caves were blocked by the 

 inland ice. 



A section taken from llobin Hood cave by Mello in 1876 (p. 242) 

 shows the following succession : — 



Stalactite uniting breccia with roof. 



(«) Stalagmitic breccia with bones and implements, 18 inches to 

 3 feet. 



(b) Cave earth with bones and implements, of variable thickness. 



(c) Middle red sand with laminated red clay at base containing 



bones, 3 feet. 



(d) Lighter-coloured sand with limestone fragments, 2 feet (?). 



Of these beds that lettered («) is Intermediate, and the other layers 

 are pre-glacial. According to Mello's figure 2 of 1876, bed («) lies 

 discordantly upon bed (^), and between the two is sometimes found 

 a "bed of waterworn pebbles", which may be cemented into a con- 

 glomerate (Mello, 1877, p. 581). 



1 (a) J. M. Mello, 1875. "On some Bone-caves in Creswell Crags": 

 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. 31, pp. 679-83. 



(b) J. M. Mello, 1876. "The Bone-caves of Creswell Crags": idem, 

 vol. 32, pp. 240-4. 



(c) W. Boyd Dawkins, 1876. "On the Mammalia and Traces of Man found 

 in the Bobin Hood Cave " : torn, cit., pp. 245-58. 



(d) J. M. Mello, 1877. "The Bone-caves of Creswell Crags": idem, 

 vol. 33, pp. 579-88. 



(e) W. Boyd Dawkins, 1877. " On the Mammal Fauna of the Caves of 

 Creswell Crags " : torn, cit., pp. 589-612. 



(/) W. Boyd Dawkins & J. M. Mello, 1879. " Further Discoveries in the 

 Cresswell Caves " : idem, vol. 35, pp. 724-34. 



(g) Thos. Heath, 1879. An Abstract Description and History of the Bone- 

 caves of Creswell Crags ; 8vo, 17 pp., Derby. 



(h) T. Heath, 1880. Cresivell Caves v. Professor Boyd Daivhins ; 8vo, 

 Derby. 



