508 Dr. Nils Olof Hoist — The Ice Age in England. 



In his "general conclusions" Boyd Dawkins (1879, p. 733) divides 

 the mammalian fauna into three divisions : (1) the lowest, known 

 from Mother Grundy's Parlour, with Hippopotamus, Rhinoceros 

 leptorhinus, and Hyaena (abundant), therefore an older, clearly pre- 

 glacial fauna, comparable with that from the older pre-glacial beds of 

 Kirkdale, Victoria Cave, and Cefn Cave ; (2) a later pre-glacial fauna 

 with the forerunners of the Ice Age, mammoth and woolly rhinoceros, 

 and in addition the reindeer, glutton, and polar-fox (the two last 

 come from Pin Hole), which are all absent from the preceding 

 division, but without the Hippopotamus and Rhinoceros leptorhinus ; 

 and finally (3) the Intermediate fauna, which occurs in the breccia 

 and "differs considerably from those of the underlying strata" 

 (Dawkins, 1876, p. 246). 



The most weighty evidence, however, is furnished by the 

 implements, and is absolutely conclusive. Boyd Dawkins and John 

 Evans were agreed that the older implements, which as a rule are 

 made of quartzite or ironstone, are to be referred to the older 

 palaeolithic stages ; Acheulean and Mousterian were mentioned. The 

 younger implements, on the other hand, as a rule made of flint, agree 

 according to Evans with the Aurignacian, Solutrian, and Magdalenian, 

 and thus belong to younger palseolithic stages. Prestwich (in the 

 Discussion on Dawkins, 1876) remarked that the superposition of the 

 better younger implements over the worse older ones " was better 

 marked in this cave [Robin-Hood cave] than in any other in this 

 country". So far as may be judged from the figures, there are found 

 among the older implements partly Chellean (e.g. the ironstone 

 implement, fig. 2 of 1877, p. 593), partly Acheulean (e.g. two oval 

 implements, one of quartzite, the other of ironstone, figs. 4 and 5 of 

 1876, p. 25 1), 1 but, to whatever stage they may be assigned, all of 

 them remain pre-glacial. Aurignacian, Solutrian, and Magdalenian, 

 on the other hand, cannot possibly be pre-glacial. They must have 

 come into the caves after the melting of the inland ice. Prom this 

 may be drawn the important conclusion that the inland ice melted 

 away from the Thames Valley right up to the northern point of 

 Derbyshire, or perhaps still further north, before the close of 

 Aurignacian time. 



An equivalent of the succession in the Cresswell caves is found in 

 North Wales in the caves near St. Asaph. In the Pont Newydd cave, 

 together with a distinctly pre-glacial fauna {Hippopotamus, Rhinoceros 

 leptorhinus, JElephas antiquus, etc.) there have been found both 

 a human molar tooth and "quartzite implements, which may be 

 classified with those of the lower strata in Mother Grundy's Parlour ", 2 

 one of the previously mentioned caves at Cresswell Crags. What is 

 still more important here, however, is the fact that in the Ffynnon 



1 Dawkins {Early Man .in Britain, 1880, p. 180) states that the eaves at 

 Cresswell Crags yielded ' ' implements of flint and quartzite amounting to not 

 less than 1100 ". These are said to be preserved in the Manchester Museum. 

 Of these barely a score have as yet been figured. The finds of the Cresswell 

 caves are, however, of such great scientific importance that they deserve from 

 archaeologists a renewed and more detailed investigation than was possible in 

 the seventies. 



2 W. Boyd Dawkins, 1880. Early Man in Britain, p. 192. 



