Fraas — Pre-historic Settlements. 549 



and lumbar vertebras, but with these exceptions, they were all lying 

 together in a confused heap, like those in the refuse hole of a butcher's 

 shop. Every bone which had contained marrow was broken in pieces, 

 and not a single skull was found perfect — the vertebras also had been 

 partially split open, that everything eatable might be taken out. 

 There were no traces of any cutting instruments on any of the bones ; 

 they had evidently been broken by blunt tools ; in fact, by the stones 

 above-mentioned. The horns of the adult reindeer, male and female, 

 measure more than four feet ; the right and left branches differ from 

 each other, for the right branch bears a broad shovel-shaped plate, 

 which may almost be said to shade the whole face. The branches are 

 very much curved inwards, and a great number of projecting off- 

 shoots are placed on the shovel-shaped portion at the end. These 

 horns lie by hundreds together, so that the greatest care was required, 

 in excavating, not to injure them, but not a single perfect specimen 

 was found ; in every case either the offshoots were broken off, so as 

 to leave the main branch isolated, or the branches were sawn in pieces 

 lengthwise, apparently with the view of these pieces being turned or 

 rather scraped into long round awls or daggers. The fact that of 

 these implements only broken or waste specimens have been found, 

 confirmed the view that the Schussen pond was merely a kind of 

 refuse-pit, into which everything was thrown which had become use- 

 less. We can only mention two of these implements which were 

 found perfect, and these probably were thrown away by chance ; one 

 of them is a pin or piercer about five inches long, with a round ear 

 or handle, and as thick as the finger at the base ; the other is a double 

 pointed side-shoot of the horn, with one larger and one smaller round 

 hole at the base. Another main branch has been worked into the 

 form of a sabre with a solid hilt, just fitting the usual human hand. 

 Besides the things cut out of horn, there were also pieces of broken 

 wooden pins, thin and neatly scraped round like the wooden pins for 

 making nets. The remains of reindeer very much exceed in number 

 those of other animals, being nearly 98 per cent, of the whole ; but 

 still the other rarer relics are no less interesting as they help to com- 

 plete the fauna of that age. The horse is the only one of our domestic- 

 animals which was found, and probably the remains were only from 

 two or three individuals. In one case the skull is still nearly perfect, 

 and it belonged to a species with a large head ; while certain bones of 

 the extremities indicate a strong, bony, and powerful animal. The- 

 brain cavity had been opened, the vertebrae had been split, and the 

 bones containing mari'ow had been broken in pieces, so that there 

 can be no doubt of horse flesh ha-ving been one of the table delicacies 

 of the ancient Swabians. 



It is also perfectly natural that the bear was used for food; the 

 front portion of an under-jaw and some broken bones of this animal 

 have been met with. As far as we can judge from these few remains- 

 (which afford, in fact, but slight means of comparison), this bear 

 seems to have had but little resemblance to the brown bear ( Ursus 

 arctos)., and agrees no better with the cave bear [Ursus Speloetis). 

 The size of the teeth, and the presence of two premolars, and the 



