20 Sir H. H. Howorth— The True Horizon of the Mammoth. 
product, and considering that they extend to the very edge of this 
great scarp, a very interesting one too. 
Conclusion. 
There are many more interesting problems connected with the 
extent and distribution of Eskdale Drift, such as the vertical amount 
of denudation which the granite area suffered during the Glacial 
period, the length of this period, and the extent of time which has 
elapsed since its close. ‘To all these questions the Glacial geology 
of Hskdale and Wastdale might, I think, be made to yield some 
more or less certain answers. I will not, however, peril the simple 
object of this paper by discussing such recondite problems. The 
object of my investigation was to test the bearings of the Glacial 
phenomena of Eskdale upon the current theories of glaciation, and 
this done I must for the present conclude. 
ITV.—Tue True Horizon or tan Mammora. 
Tur Fornten Evipencr anp Genera Concuiusion. 
By Sir Henry H. Howorts, K.C.1.E., M.P., F.G.S., etc. 
N previous communications to the Grotoetcan Magazine I have 
subjected the evidence as to the age of the Mammoth in the 
British Islands to criticism, and I ventured to conclude that where- 
ever we can find the remains of the Mammoth and its contempora- 
ries undisturbed and in situ, these remains are found under and not 
over or in the drift. This, so far as I know, is the case in every 
recorded instance where the Mammoth beds and the drift have been 
found superimposed upon each other.’ Let us now turn to the Con- 
tinent and test the problem there. If we are to test it in the same 
way, which I take to be the only satisfactory way, namely, by 
evidence of superposition, we must naturally limit our survey to 
countries where the drift actually occurs. First, let us turn to 
Switzerland. 
Whenever the sequence has been actually ascertained, that is to 
say, ascertained by one set of deposits being superimposed on the 
other, it seems to me that the beds with quaternary mammals, in 
Switzerland, always underlie the erratic beds. Thus, a skull of the 
Mammoth was found, in 1841, four kilometres from Rapperschwyl, 
m. the Canton of St. Gallen. According to the section published by 
Escher von der Linth and C. Martins, the beds in this case lay in 
the following order : 
1. Black and angular fragments of glacial origin. 
2. Rounded pebbles and boulders, sometimes as big as a man’s 
head, like those in the Nagelfluh. 
3. Bluish and yellowish clays. 
4. Bituminous remains of wood mixed with sand and clay. 
5. The Mammoth’s skull in question. 
1 J overlooked the very important and notable case at Selsea, where the Mammalian 
bed is overlain by a deposit with boulders and greywethers. 
