Sir H. H. Howorth—The True Horizon of the Mammoth. 25 
and period of floating ice” (Geikie, Gon. Mac. 1872, Vol. IX. 
pp. 259 and 260). 
In regard to Russia, Pander detected remains of Mammoth and 
Rhinoceros in reddish clay, covered by erratic blocks, eight versts 
to the south of Verchni Volotchok..... In one spot, 300 versts 
south of St. Petersburgh, and twenty versts south of the river 
Kolomenba, M. Pander further found the horns of a Stag in gravel 
or drift, 21 feet below the surface, and covered by fine yellow sand, 
which is surmounted by clay and northern erratic blocks (Russia 
and the Ural Mountains, vol. 1. p. 651**, posteript). 
Sir Roderick Murchison himself has recorded the discovery of 
the bones of the Mammoth and Woolly Rhinoceros, near Moscow, 
in reddish clay, covered with erratic blocks, on the plains thirteen 
miles distant from the river (Id. 650). ‘If we follow,” says Belt, 
“the northern drift southwards from Moscow, as I have done, we 
find it gradually changes from clay with boulders to the clay with- 
out boulders that covers the southern plains. Around the Sea of 
Azof, cliffs of this Glacial clay, 100 feet high, can be followed 
continuously for miles, and its junction below with the older beds is 
sharply defined. It rests on a freshwater deposit containing shells 
of species of Unio, Cyclas, and Paludina, and at this horizon fragments 
of the tusks and bones of the Mammoth are abundant, and are 
always undoubtedly older than the Glacial clay. In a similar 
position the same remains have been found at Odessa and other 
places in the south of Russia” (Belt, Quarterly Journal of Science, 
vol. vi. p. 290). 
This survey of the European evidence does not profess to be 
exhaustive, but it includes, I believe, all the important examples 
upon which the theory of the post-Glacial or inter-Glacial existence 
of the Mammoth has been based. It seems to me that that theory, 
as tested by the Huropean evidence, will not bear criticism, and 
that when Geoffrey St. Hilaire gave the Mammoth the name of 
Dicyclotherium, he was postulating for it, as many others have done 
since, a character which the evidence does not support. 
Let us now shortly turn to America. In America the evidence 
seems to me to be very contradictory. The great deposits of bones 
contained in the so-called Salt-licks are outside the area occupied by 
the drift. Within the drift area most of the remains occur as 
sporadic bones, and they must be treated as erratics just as the tree 
trunks and logs which have been frequently found there imbedded 
in tough boulder-clay. When we come to test the problem, how- 
ever, in the only adequate way, namely, by an actual undisturbed 
land surface of the Mammoth age containing bones, the evidence is 
very fragile and unsatisfactory. That the so-called dirt-beds and 
Forest-beds are covered by Till and in many cases by an enormous 
depth of Drift deposits is universally admitted. That so far as we 
know, they never occur at or near the surface except either outside 
the Drift area or where it has thinned itself almost out is also 
admitted. That above the true dirt-bed there very often occur logs 
and detached pieces of the bed which have been denuded and 
