Sir H. H. Howorth—The True Horizon of the Mammoth. 27 
that it can move except under the influence of gravity, and that 
the theory of the distribution of the Drift deposits over hundreds of 
miles of level country by ice sheets is an hypothesis unsupported by 
experiment and at issue with the laws of ice movement so far as 
they are known. I do not believe, therefore, that the great sheets 
of gravel, clay, and sand, and the erratics connected with them 
were distributed, or can have been cistributed by ice. I believe 
with the Fathers and Grandfathers of Geology, my Masters Murchison 
and Sedgwick, Hopkins and Phillips and Conybeare, Von Buch and 
D’Archiac, that the Drift, as we find it, was very largely distributed 
by water and not by ice; and when we find the Mammoth beds 
overlain by Drift, it means in my view not that the Mammoth lived 
before the so-called Glacial age, but that it lived before the diluvial 
movement which distributed the Drift, and which I think I have 
proved, in my work on “The Mammoth and the Flood,” exterminated 
that beast and some of its contemporaries. 
In my view the Glacial age was not an age of ice caps and ice 
domes and portentous ice sheets, nor of any other transcendental 
nightmares, but an age of big glaciers occupying the mountain 
regions of half the northern hemisphere, and perhaps of all the 
southern one in the temperate zones. Alongside these glaciers there 
then existed, as there exist still in New Zealand, stretches of fertile 
country where the Mammoth and the Rhinoceros could live, where 
the oak and the fir could grow, where the contrasts of climate were 
not caused by difference of latitude, but by difference of elevation, 
and where, therefore, the Hyzna might well feed upon the Reindeer, 
as-we know positively it did, where the Musk Sheep and the Pika 
could live along side of the Tiger and the gigantic Ox, as we 
know they did, and the polar willow could live upon the upper 
banks of a river whose lower one were occupied by the fig and the 
Canary laurel. The facts to be explained seem, to me, to inexorably 
demand this. 
Professor Geikie, and other champions of extreme Glacial views, 
are willing to allow that the Mammoth lived in Siberia while the 
ice dominated Europe and North-Eastern America; I believe that 
it not only lived in Siberia, but in European Russia, in Northern 
and Central Germany, in France, and in South Britain, while the 
Mammoth and the Mastodon occupied very much the same country 
as the Buffalo did in later times in America. At the same time, 
Snowdon and the Grampians, the Vosges east of the Jura, and the 
Laurentian uplands, nourished large glaciers, while those of Norway 
and Switzerland, and the Cascade mountains, were much larger than 
any now to be found in those countries. Then came a great 
catastrophe, caused in all probability by the upheaval of some of the 
greatest mountain-chains of the world, of which I have published 
a great deal of evidence in these pages, and of corresponding sub- 
sidences elsewhere, about which I may perhaps be allowed to write 
on another occasion, and the direct result of this was the diluvial 
movement I have mentioned. 
The story here condensed is, I believe, a logical story, and it is 
the only one which, so far as 1 know, explains the facts. 
