M. Stirrup—True Horizon of the Mammoth. 107 
from the land outward towards the present sea-coast. The direction 
of this movement, as determined by numerous observations is, I 
repeat, fatal to the transportation theory of Professor Carvill Lewis 
and his followers, which postulates a movement in an opposite 
direction. For myself I feel satisfied that the submergence view 
is the only one which meets the requirements of the case. I 
will only add a few words more in order to remove an erroneous 
impression to the effect that a submersion of 1300—1400 feet in the 
latitude of Snowdon and Wicklow involves a similar amount of 
depression to the north and south of that parallel. There is no 
such inference required. In the parallel referred to the depression 
(assuming the level of the ocean to have been constant) appears to 
have reached its maximum for the British Islands, gradually lessen- 
ing northwards into Scotland, where, according to Prof. James 
Geikie, it was over 510 feet, marine shells being found in the Glacial 
series up to this level; in Norway they are found at 580 feet. In an 
opposite direction beds of gravel, or scattered pebbles of quartz from 
the waste of the New Red Sandstone, are found up to a level of 
about 600 feet amongst the Cotteswold Hills on the borders of 
Oxfordshire and Gloucestershire. No ice-sheet ever invaded this 
part of England, and the occurrence of these pebbles drifted from the 
north, and lying on the Jurassic table-land can be accounted for in 
no other way except by submergence. To the same series of Drift 
deposits are to be referred the “‘ High-level gravels” of Oxfordshire, 
Wilts, Berks, Dorset, and the Isle of Wight—as also the ‘‘ Middle 
Glacial Beds” of Messrs. 8. V. Wood and J. L. Rome in the Eastern 
Counties, reaching elevations of about 200—300 feet. All the 
phenomena point to an inter-Glacial epoch of deep submergence, 
and the conversion of the British Isles into an Archipelago of small 
islets washed by cold water, and sometimes encumbered with ice of 
local origin. 
1V.—Tue True Horizon or tHe Mammorn. 
By Marx Srrrrvp, F.G.S8. 
N some recent articles contributed to the Gronocican MAGAzrneE, 
Sir Henry H. Howorth has sought to establish by a great 
array of authorities, both British and foreign, the pre-Glacial, or at 
least pre-Boulder Clay, age of the Mammoth. 
As Sir Henry claims to have proved his case—a proposition 
which probably few geologists will admit—and “calls upon those 
who still maintain a post-Glacial or inter-Glacial existence of the 
Mammoth to prove their case,” I will attempt, to offer some little 
evidence to show that the conclusion he has arrived at is scarcely 
warranted by the facts. 
In order not to unduly trespass on the limited space, I do not intend 
to analyze the value of the British evidence which Sir Henry has 
1 In the Lake District the late Mr. Clifton Ward has traced stratified gravels up 
to a level of at least 1500 to 1600 feet.—‘‘ Geology of the Northern part of the 
Lake District,’? Mem. Geol. Survey, p. 94. 
* Quart, Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xi. p. 477. 
