108 MM. Stirrup—True Horizon of the Mammoth. 
adduced, as that has been already criticised by Mr. A. J. Jukes- 
Browne, but propose to confine myself simply to the consideration 
of the foreign evidence. 
In doing so, I shall endeavour to follow as nearly as possible the 
path which Sir Henry has traced, and shall rely for rebutting 
evidence on some of the authorities he has himself quoted. His 
survey commences with Switzerland, and amongst other quotations, 
he cites somewhat at length the famous lignite beds at Diirnten 
and Utznach. The unsatisfactory character of much that has been 
written on these deposits he seems to feel, and certainly the record 
of the animal remains found in them will not strengthen the position 
he has taken up, for if they prove anything at all in support of his 
thesis, they prove far too much. The beds are acknowledged to be 
much disturbed in places, and yield not only the bones of the 
Mammoth and the Woolly Rhinoceros, together with the Pliocene 
beasts E. antiquus and R. leptorhinus; but animals of a later type, 
such as the cave-bear, the urus (Bos primigenius) and Elk, and also 
of existimg species, as for instance the Red Deer, Cervus elaphus 
(see Heer’s Primeval Switzerland and Prof. Riitimeyer). 
If Sir Henry Howorth claims the Mammoth for a pre-Boulder 
Clay animal, he will scarcely be bold enough to claim all its 
associates in these lignite beds as of a like age. 
Turning now to the authority of M. Favre, who is cited as “saying 
distinctly that the Glacial beds with their erratics, which are greatly 
developed in the neighbourhood of Geneva, are superimposed on 
the so-called ‘alluvion ancienne,’ 7.e. the stratum in which the 
Pleistocene animals occur.” 
The phrase, ‘“alluvion ancienne,” as used by Swiss geologists, has 
not a fixed application, as will be seen from the following extract 
taken from Prof. Favre’s “‘ Recherches Géologiques dans les parties 
de la Savoie,” vol. i. p. 32, in which he describes the Terrace 
Alluviums in the neighbourhood of Geneva as belonging to the 
prehistoric age, but which are perhaps contemporary with Man. 
M. Favre goes on to say “that some authors call them ‘alluvions 
anciennes,’ and others post-glacial alluviums. They never contain 
striated stones nor erratic blocks. They are superimposed on Glacial 
beds, ete.” (the italics are mine). . 
But further, Prof. Favre expresses himself explicitly on the point 
under discussion as to the true horizon of the Mammoth (op. cit. 
p- 50): “The remains of Hlephas primigenius found in our country 
are valuable in that they fix in a very positive manner the age of 
that animal—they come from the post-Glacial beds.” 
Again, on page 52, M. Favre says, “In the interior of the Jura, 
bones of E. primigenius have been found at Tenay upon the railway 
line from Lyons to Geneva, and on the other side of the chain, near 
Poligny, remains of this animal have been gathered in the sands 
and gravels above the Glacial beds with polished and striated stones. 
It is still in the post-Glacial alluviums that the bones of Elephas 
primigenius have been met with near Tullins in Dauphiny. It is 
then evident that if the EH. primigenius lived during the Glacial 
