M. Stirrup—True Horizon of the Mammoth. 102 
epoch, a fact which does not appear to me yet sufficiently proved, 
it has equally inhabited our country during the formation of the 
terrace alluviums.” From the above extracts it will be seen that 
Prof. Favre’s opinions afford no support to Sir Henry Howorth’s 
contention. 
M. Falsan, another authority quoted by Sir Henry, but apparently 
only on the question of inter-Glacial periods, classifies, in his 
Synoptical Table (vide La Période Glaciaire) of the Pliocene and 
Quaternary Beds of the Environs of Lyons, E. primigenius as post- 
Glacial, and occurring in the Lehm, uniformly spread over the 
ancient or Glacial alluviums. 
In the valley of the Rhine it is also in the superficial loamy 
deposits called Lehm or Loess, which certainly belong to the closing 
phases of the Ice-Age, that we find the most abundant remains of 
the Mammoth and its contemporaries ; moreover, the cavern deposits 
of both England and the Continent afford ample evidence of the 
co-existence of Man and the Mammoth. 
In America, Sir Henry Howorth says the evidence seems to be 
very contradictory. It is truly a stumbling block to the acceptance 
of his conclusions. The remains of the Mammoth and Mastodon 
are well known to occur there in the most superficial deposits. 
Prof. Shaler says: ‘‘ Almost any swampy bit of ground in Ohio or 
Kentucky contains traces of these animals; and at Big Bone Lick 
the remains are so well preserved as to seem not much more ancient 
than the Buffalo bones which are found above them.” 
Indeed, the evidence of the true Mammoth having existed in 
America, long after the period of the Northern Drift, seems so 
conclusive, and is so well known to geologists, as to be almost 
beyond question. 
In bringing these criticisms to a conclusion, with that of the 
Russian evidence, on which Sir Henry, relying on the opinion of 
his “old masters” has always laid great stress, | propose, instead 
of resorting to ancient history, to bring forward the published 
researches of living and recent explorers for the refutation of my 
friend’s postulate. 
For the first example I quote the stratigraphical and paleonto- 
logical testimony afforded by the recent investigations of M. 
Tchernyschew quite at the north of Russia in Hurope, in the 
Timan district of the Province of Archangel (vide Bull. Com, Géol. 
St. Pétersbourg, Tome x. p. 95-147). This explorer says: “ All 
around the Timan chain extend immense plains occupied by mosses 
and marshes—region of Tundra. Striated pebbles abound every- 
where, the quaternary glacial sea formed a vast gulf which extended 
as far as the line of the rivers Tzylma—Volonga. Above and 
transgressively on these deposits, sands and gravels are met with 
containing bones of Hlephas prinigenius and Rangifer tarandus.” 
Stronger evidence still, but of like character, comes from that 
so-called “home of the Mammoth”—North-Hast Siberia—where 
those vast accumulations of the bones of the Mammoth occur, which 
have always excited the greatest wonder and perplexity. 
