Sir H. H. Howorth—The True Horizon of the Mammoth. 161 
V.—Tue True Horizon or tHe Mamoru. 
By Sir Henry H. Howorru, K.C.1.E., M.P., F.S.A., F.G.S. 
i AM highly gratified that some of the difficult problems connected 
with the Mammoth and its surroundings, which have been too 
long ignored, are at last attracting something like adequate attention ; 
and I regret that Mr. Jukes-Browne should withdraw from the 
controversy without, as it seems to me, doing justice to the cause he 
represents. In his concluding letter he adds nothing but a reference 
to Mr. Clement Reid and Mr. Horace B. Woodward, neither of 
whom need a vicarious spokesman. I wish he had been able to 
point to one well attested example to prove his case. I must again 
press upon him the fact that mere rhetoric is of no avail in this or 
any other scientific discussion. What we need is to be pointed to. 
some example within our four seas of the occurrence of a land- 
surface dating from the Mammoth period underlaid by true drift. 
IT will now turn to Mr. Stirrup, who, while indulging in 
some amusing dogmatism, does favour us with some arguments. 
These arguments I will endeavour to meet. First in regard to 
Switzerland. Here I confess I cannot quite follow him. He does 
not traverse the statements of the chain of witnesses whom I quoted 
who have examined the beds at Dtirnten and Utznach, including Sir 
Charles Lyell and Heer himself, and who came to the conclusion 
that the Mammalian beds there are under and not over the drift ; but 
he apparently thinks he answers the virtually unanimous strati- 
graphical testimony by asking me if I think the Mammoth, the 
Elephas antiquus, the Urus, and the Red Stag lived together in 
Switzerland before the Glacial period. I certainly think they lived 
there before the distribution of the drift ; just as they did in England 
at the time when the brick-earths of the Thames Valley were being 
deposited. This I bave argued at considerable length in my big 
book on the Mammoth. All the authorities known to me place these 
Zurich beds on the same horizon as the Forest-bed of Norfolk. Is 
there anybody anywhere who puts the Forest-bed of Norfolk above 
and not under the Drift? I think Mr. Stirrup should explain 
himself rather more definitely. 
Let us now turn to another part of Mr. Stirrup’s communication 
to which he devotes a considerable space, but the relevancy of which 
I am at a loss to understand: I mean what he has to say in reference 
to the well known journey of Baron Toll and Herr Bunge to the 
Bear Islands. Mr. Stirrup does not seem to be aware that although 
the detailed scientific work of the expedition is only in course of 
publication, an interesting work giving an account of their journey 
has been published for some time and is naturally familiar to those 
who take an interest in the history of the Mammoth. 
What possible support Mr. Stirrup can find for his contention in 
the work of the two Russian explorers I quite fail to see. The fact 
of beds of ice underlying the Tundra deposits of North-Hastern 
Russia and of Siberia has been known for a century. That the 
DECADE III.—VOL. X.—wNO. IV. 11 
