230 Notices of Memoirs — 
South America, where the rheas occur, there has lately been dis- 
covered in the Tertiary of Patagonia the remains of great flightless. 
birds belonging to the Struthionide. This family is, therefore, 
practically confined to the southern hemisphere with few exceptions. 
Again, the fami y of the Trogons is confined almost entirely to. 
regions south of { .e equator. The penguins (Spheniscide) form a 
group still more closely restricted to Southern latitudes. Two. 
ancient forms, Palgeudyptes, Palgospheniscus, are known in the 
early Tertiaries of New Zealand and of Patagonia. They now range 
from South Ameri:a, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand, to 
the Antarctic Islands. To the latter, i.e., the Falkiand, the Crozet, 
and Kerguelen Islands, the family of the Chionida@, a peculiar group 
of white birds related to the plovers, is also restricted. The great 
group of the parrots (Psittacomorphe) have, as pointed out by 
Professor Huxley long ago, related, but very distinct families, in 
Australasia and in South America; they are feebly represented in. 
India and South Africa, and have only a straggler here and there 
in North America. They are essentially a southern group. 
Turning to another section of the animal kingdom, we find 
wonderfully developed in Australia, and in New Guinea, and some. 
of the neighbouring islands, the marsupials, or kangaroos and 
wombats, a group occurring nowhere else except in South America ;. 
but the marsupials living now in Australia are not very nearly allied 
to those in South America. In the Pliocene age, however, there: 
lived in Hast Australia gigantic forms of the family, the Diprotodon, 
the Nototherium, the marsupial lion (Thylacoleo), and others; and 
quite recently remains of the genera Prothylacinus, Amphiproviverra, 
closely related to the Tasmanian Devil (Lhylacinus), and to other 
Dasyuride of both Tasmania and Australia, have been discovered in 
the Hocene of Patagonia. 
Another very extraordinary group (the Hdentata), the ant-eaters, 
sloths, and armadillos, now live in the southern parts of South 
America. In more ancient times the order was represented by still 
more bizarre forms, such as the Glyptodon, the Mylodon, and the 
Meyatherium. In South Africa are the Aard-varks (Orycteropide), 
while in India, and some of the Indian Islands, we find Pangolins, 
or ant-eaters (Manid@), which are all members of the same order. 
They are scarcely known in the northern hemisphere, and then only - 
in its warmest regions; but they have been recently found fossil in. 
Upper Miocene beds in Samos by Dr. Forsyth-Major. 
The well-known examples of Amphibia, confined to Notogea, 
or the Southern Hemisphere, we have Cystognathide, found in 
Australia, Tasmania, and South America; and of freshwater fishes,. 
we have the Haplechitond@, or southern salmon, and the southern 
pikes (Galaxiide), families both unknown north of the Equator, 
occurring in New Zealand, Chili, Patagonia, and the Falkland. 
Islands. 
If we turn to plants, and takinggroups that are confined, or nearly 
so, to the Southern Hemisphere we find among the Sazifragee,. 
thit two of its tribes (Hsealloni, consisting of seventeen genera, 
