P. Lake—Growth of the Indian Peninsula. 
On the map accompanying the Manual of the 
Geology of India, there may be seen in the 
Peninsula three main areas of Gneissic rocks :— 
(1) the Southern Mass, bounded on the north by 
the Deccan Trap and the rocks of the Godavari 
basin; (2) the Bundelkhand Mass, a semicircular 
mass immediately south of the Gangetic Plain; 
(3) the North-Eastern Mass, occupying a large 
‘area in Bengal and the Central Provinces, and 
separated from the Southern Mass by the Godavari 
area of later beds. The positions of these masses 
are shown on the accompanying map. 
Up to the beginning of the Gondwana period 
each of the three masses had its own history, 
distinct from that of the others, and each must 
therefore be treated separately. 
Pre-Gonpwana Hisrory. 
Growth of the Southern Mass.—The greater part 
of India south of the Kistnah is composed of 
gneissic and granitoid rocks, but it is traversed 
by a number of nearly parallel bands of schist, 
together with conglomerates, haematite beds and 
lava flows, to which has been given the name 
of Dharwar Series.'_ Many of the schists seem 
to be altered lavas, and the whole series must 
have been largely volcanic. The direction of. 
the bands is N.NW.-S.SE.; and it is clear that 
the Dharwars originally covered the whole, or 
nearly the whole, of the gneiss, and that they 
were afterwards thrown into folds running 
N.NW.-S.SE. (nearly parallel to the present 
west coast). Afterwards the whole mass was 
subjected to denudation, so that only remnants 
of the Dharwars were left, running as_ bands 
through the gneiss (see Woodcut-Section, Fig. 1). 
The folding and denudation of these rocks were 
completed before the deposition of the next set of 
beds, which were laid down as a fringe on the 
N., N.E. and EH. sides of the gneiss mass, forming 
now the Kaladgi, Godavari, and Kadapah basins. 
These basins were probably originally continuous 
with one another and their present separation is 
due to denudation. 
The Kadapah basin is crescentic in shape and 
lies on the east side of the gneiss mass. The older 
(‘‘Kadapah’’) rocks of this basin in the western 
part of the area, rest quite flatly on the gneiss 
dll 
Fig. 1.—Dracramaric Srcrron or tHe SouTHERN Mass. 
a, Gneiss. 
c, Kadapah series. d, Karnul series. 
b, Dharwar series. 
1 See especially Foote, Rec. Geol. Surv. India, vol. xxi. p. 40; vol. xxii. p. 17. 
Mr. Foote gives a map of these bands. 
