312 P. Lake—Growth of the Indian Peninsula. 
or slope gently away towards the east. The higher beds overlap the 
the lower towards the west; and this, together with the fact that 
conglomeratic beds are not uncommon, leads one to conclude that 
the present western boundary of the basin is not far from the old 
coast-line. 
Further east, as the distance from the old coast-line increases, 
these rocks become more and more folded; and on the eastern side 
of the basin are frequently reversed. ‘The direction of the folds is 
nearly N.-S. (Fig. 1). 
In the Godavari basin, which lies to the north of the Kadapah 
basin, similar beds are found, and here also in the west they are but 
little disturbed, while further east they are affected by the disturb- 
ances which folded the corresponding part of the Kadapah basin. 
Hence we may conclude that a series of deposits (the ‘“‘ Kadapah”’ 
beds) was laid down on the eastern coast of the gneiss mass; and. 
that ultimately these were crushed up against the gneiss, Near the 
old coast-line they remained almost undisturbed, whilst further out 
towards the east they were thrown into a series of N.-S. folds (see 
accompanying section). 
Nearly the same course of events appears to have taken place on 
the north coast of the old gneiss mass, where we now have the 
Kaladgi basin of rocks similar to those of the Kadapah basin. The 
lowest beds, found at the south border of the basin, are conglomeratic, 
and evidently shore deposits, so that the coast of that time cannot have 
lain far south of the present boundary of the basin. The beds of the 
Kaladgi basin have been thrown into folds running W. by N.—H. 
by 8.; and the disturbance is greatest on the N. side of the basin, 
i.e. at the part furthest from the old shore—though this is not so 
well marked as in the Kadapah basin. 
In the Kadapah basin the older (Kadapah) rocks which are 
affected by the folds already described, are overlaid by later rocks 
called the Karnuls, which serve to fill up the space between the 
great folds on the east and the old shore or the west (see section). 
They are but little disturbed and overlap on to the gneiss. 
On the north of the gneiss similar beds are found in the Bhima 
basin near the Kaladgi basin. Here also they are little disturbed; 
but their relation to the rocks of the Kaladgi basin is nowhere 
shown. 
After the deposition of these later beds (which are still pre-Gond- 
wana) the Southern Mass has never received any further deposits, 
except close to the coasts, and it has remained land since that time. 
Growth of the Bundelkhand Mass.—The Bundelkhand gneiss now 
forms a semicircular patch, bordered on the N.H. by alluvium, and 
elsewhere chiefly by the well-known Vindhyan rocks. 
On the S.SE. border, which runs from H.NE.—W.SW.., there is 
a fringe of quartzites, limestones, etc., known as the Bijawars. 
These lie nearly horizontally on the gneiss and towards the south 
are covered by an extensive spread of Vindhyan beds; but before 
they disappear they begin to be crushed and folded. They were 
1 Of. Foote, Rec. Geol. Surv. India, vol. xv., p. 191, and King, Mem. Geol. Surv. 
India, vol. viii., pl. ix., section i. 
