P. Lake—Growth of the Indian Peninsula. 313 
apparently shallow water deposits and never extended much further 
north than at present. 
To the south of the Vindhyan spread they reappear in the Son- 
Narbada and Son areas; where they form a band running parallel to 
the Bundelkhand Bijawar band. In the Son area especially they are 
strongly folded. 
Here then again we have a series laid down upon the gneiss and 
subsequently folded. Close to the gneiss the beds are almost un- 
affected, while further away they are greatly disturbed. 
To the north: of the Bundelkhand gneiss we find very much the 
same thing. Close to the gneiss, at Gwalior, we have almost 
undisturbed Pre-Vindhyan beds; while further away, in the Arvali 
Hills, the Pre-Vindhyan beds are strongly folded, the folds running 
about N.E.-S.W. 
Towards the S.W. the Bundelkhand gneiss disappears beneath 
Vindhyan beds and the Deccan Trap; but at intervals we find inliers 
of Bijawars and similar rocks resting on gneiss, in the Dhar Forest, 
and at Narsingpur, Champanir, Bagh and Jobat. 
If the beds at Bijawar and Gwalior are really shore deposits, close 
to the old coast-line, it is clear that the Bundelkhand Mass had a 
history very similar to that of the Southern Mass. Beds were laid 
down on its borders and afterwards crushed up against it, the most 
intense folding being at a considerable distance from the old shore. 
In the space between these folds (the folds to the 8.H. and the 
folds to the N.W. [see map|] of this gneiss) we now find a large 
spread of Vindhyan rocks. ‘These are little disturbed and may at 
one time have covered the whole of the gneiss mass. 
Growth of the North-eastern Mass.—In the present state of our 
knowledge, it is impossible to trace the history of the N.H. Mass, 
even with the same degree of uncertainty as we have traced that of 
the others. Large areas are covered by Lower Vindhyan and older 
rocks, but these have not been examined in detail. 
No rocks of later age than Lower Vindhyan are known between 
the Mahanadi and Godavari Gondwana basins; and the area has 
probably been land since Lower Vindhyan times. 
Gonpwana Hisrory. 
The Pre-Gondwana history of the Southern and Bundelkhand 
Masses appears thus to have been nearly the same. Beds were 
deposited on their borders and afterwards crushed up against the 
unyielding gneiss. At a considerable distance from the shore this 
crushing caused intense folding, and no doubt elevation; and the 
space between the folds and the shore was subsequently filled by 
later rocks, which overlapped on to the gneiss and, in the case of 
the Bundelkhand Mass, perhaps covered the whole of the gneiss. 
Somewhat in this fashion the three great masses appear to have 
grown outwards until, at the beginning of the Gondwana period, 
only comparatively narrow spaces were left between them; and in 
these spaces the Gondwana rocks were deposited. They now form 
strips between the Southern and North-eastern Masses (Godavari 
basin) ; between the Bundelkhand and North-eastern Masses (Son 
