314 P. Lake—Growth of the Indian Peninsula. 
and Narbada areas); and on the north of the North-eastern Mass 
(Mahanadi, and perhaps Damuda, Gondwanas). 
The complete absence of any trace of Gondwana or later deposits 
on the Southern Mass (except near the coasts) and on the rocks of 
the Bundelkhand area, shows that these areas have been land since 
Vindhyan times. How much of the North-east Mass was land in 
Gondwana times it is difficult to say. In the Godavari basin, the 
Lower Gondwanas appear along the §.W. border of the field, while 
higher beds abut against the N.E. border. This may be due to a 
fault, or to overlap of the higher beds on the N.H. side. In the 
former case the Gondwana rocks extended over the North-east 
massif beyond their present limits; in the latter case the N.H. 
border of the basin must be near the original shore. 
However this may be, some part of the North-east Mass was 
probably land in Gondwana times; and the Gondwana rocks were 
deposited in arms of water between this land and the Bundelkhand 
Mass on the N.W. and the Southern Mass on the 8.H. They were 
also laid down on the northern border of the North-east massif 
(Mahanadi area, ete.). 
The Gondwana beds appear to be chiefly fluviatile and to have 
been deposited under much the same conditions as the alluvial 
deposits of the Indo-Gangetic plain. These Indo-Gangetic deposits, 
it will be noticed, also fill up the space between two pre-existing 
land areas. 
In this way the deposition of the Gondwanas completed the 
union of the three elements of the Indian Peninsula. Throughout 
the whole Peninsula no marine beds of later than Gondwana age 
are found except near the coast, and the whole area has been land 
since that time. 
Post-GonpwaAna H1srory. 
But little now remains to be said. The outflow of the Deccan 
Trap must have greatly changed the configuration of the surface, and 
may perhaps have altered the northern part of the west coast; but 
beyond this it does not appear to have affected the general disposi- 
tion of land and sea. 
The presence of marine Jurassic and Cretaceous beds on the coasts, 
shows that the whole Peninsula has risen since Gondwana times. — 
But the most important alteration is one of which we have only 
negative, and therefore doubtful, evidence. It will be noticed that 
up to very recent times no deposits of any kind were laid down on 
the west side of the Southern Mass, while rocks from the Kadapah 
period downwards were deposited on its northern and eastern shores. 
It is, therefore, not unlikely that the present west coast of the 
Southern Mass was not a coast till late Tertiary times; 7.e. that the 
Southern Mass extended far to the S.W. of its present limits—and 
in this connection it is interesting to note that this would give us 
the “‘ Lemuria” of Wallace, or Gondwana land of Suess and Neumayr. 
In Tertiary times the western part of this land disappeared, and the 
remaining fragment now forms the southern part of the Indian 
Peninsula. 
