394 Sir H. H. Howorth—True Horizon of the Mammoth. 
abstract published by Schmidt some months ago. In this he 
is surely mistaken. A considerable volume giving detailed 
information about the expedition has been published for some years 
in the ‘“ Beitrage zur Kenntniss d. Russ Reiches,” while more than 
three years ago an elaborate memoir on the geological and paleon- 
tological results of the expedition was read before the St. Petersburg 
Academy, which has since been translated into German and published 
in a large quarto. The author of this memoir, Tscherski, is an 
authority of the first rank upon the geology of Eastern Siberia. 
Since 1873 he has devoted many years to a personal examination 
of that little known area, and is probably better qualified to give 
a sound opinion upon some critical questions regarding it than 
any body: living. 
As to the former existence of a so-called Glacial Period in 
Siberia he is most emphatic. Krapotkin claimed to have found 
relics of a widespread glaciation in the mountains of Eastern 
Siberia, while Czekanovski professed to find similar traces in the 
Sayanian Mountains. ‘T'scherski absolutely contests this, and 
declares that in the Mountains of Eastern Siberia there are only 
traces, and these very slight ones, of individual local glaciers. He 
says that the supposed scratched blocks from the bed of the River 
Yenissei near the foot of the Sayanian Mountains, and which are 
preserved in the Museum of the Imperial Academy of St. Petersburg 
and in the Museum at Minussinsk, are merely examples of weathering 
and were so accepted by the geologists who examined them at St. 
Petersburg. He says that with the exception of a small area west 
of the Baikal, there are not to be found on the meridian of that sea, 
nor in the high plateau behind it, including the so-called Apple 
Range, any indications of the former existence of glaciers. It 
will thus be seen that the position I argued for, and which I 
believe is accepted by such an extreme advocate of glacial views as 
Mr. James Geikie, that there are no traces of a so-called glacial age 
in Siberia, is fully sustained by the latest and best information on 
the subject, and that the observations of Von Cotta in the Altai 
Mountains, and of Nordenskiold along the Polar Sea, are fully borne 
out by the observations of T'scherski in Eastern Siberia. 
This being so, it is not surprising that the latter writer should add 
that hitherto no traces of so-called inter-Glacial beds have occurred 
in Siberia nor, he says, in the greater part of Huropean Russia. 
I am still at a loss to know upon what evidence and what 
authority Mr. Stirrup classes the rolled gravels underlying the 
Mammoth beds in Siberia as glacial deposits. I know of no 
evidence to support such a contention. 
Turning to another side of our discussion, namely, the true horizon 
of the Mammoth, I should like to quote a statement of T'scherski, in 
which he refers to the well-known famous skeleton of a Mammoth 
found at Troizkoya, near Moscow, and which he says lay distinctly 
in a marine pre-Glacial bed. He refers to the section given by 
Nikitin in vol. ii. of the Memoires du Comité Géologique. He also 
refers to the deposit of Pleistocene animals discovered in 1878 in the 
