410 Prof. K. A. von Zittel—On the Mammalia. 
A comparison of this fauna (from which the genera from Eger- 
kingen marked with + may properly be excluded) with that of the 
Lower and Middle Hocene of the same areas of distribution, shows a 
much greater abundance of genera (about 110) and species (about 
200). Supposing that ten per cent. of the genera and species have 
only provisional value, and that they will disappear with more ample 
knowledge, there yet remains a varied and numerous company of 
animals such as to-day would only be met with in tropical regions. 
Our present European land mammalian fauna contains 54 genera 
with about 150 species, and of these about 60 per cent. belong 
to the microfauna consisting of the smaller forms of Rodents, 
Insectivora, Bats and Carnivora, for which the conditions of pre- 
servation in earlier epochs were very unfavourable. The Ungulates 
still play the leading part in the Upper Hocene, but the Perisso- 
dactyla have resigned their advanced position to the Artiodactyla. 
Amongst the former Pachynolophus, Propaleotherium and Lophiodon 
still continue, but they are inferior in number to the more modern 
genera Palgotherium and Paloplotherium. Amongst the Artiodactyla, 
nearly half the genera belong to the Anoplotheridz, which in outer 
form approach nearest to the Perissodactyla, and in their dentition and 
build of the skeleton combine features of the Ungulata and Carnivora. 
They belong to the most peculiar creatures of that period. Their 
' depressed lophodont molars call to mind the Paleotheridz; no 
reduction of the canines or incisors is yet noticeable; horns or other 
protuberances are yet wanting on the skull; the extremities have 
undergone but very moderate differentiation, they always possess 
separated metapodials and inadaptive carpus and tarsus; and their 
terminal phalanges resemble the anomalous hoofs or claws of the 
Condylarthra. In outer form the Anoplotheridz exhibit great 
variation. Whilst Anoplotherium, Diplobune and their relatives are 
similar to a Tapir, to which a very long tail has been added, Dicho- 
bune, Xiphodon, and others, call to mind slimly formed deer, 
and the delicate four-toed Ceenotheriz, which continued into the 
Miocene, varied in size between a Squirrel and a Cat. .Next to the 
Anoplotheride, the Tragulide form the main contingent of the paired 
ungulates. Their dentition has almost attained the character of that 
of the brachyodont Ruminants, and in the structure of their skeleton 
and more especially of the extremities, they hardly remain behind 
the still existing Chevrotains, which in a certain measure, may be 
considered as relicts of an earlier epoch, since amongst all Ruminants 
they possess the most primitive features. The Hocene Suide 
(Cebocherus, Elotherium, Choeropotamus, Palgocherus, Acotherulum, 
etc.), bear the same relation to existing swine as the Tragulide to 
the Cervide. The crowns of their bunodont molars have four 
simple tubercles; canines and incisors, like those of the Condy- 
larthra and Creodontia, are but little differentiated, and the skeleton 
has not undergone any simplification or reduction of the extremities 
worth mentioning. Also the early extinct Anthracotheride are 
shown to be collective types, which connect the lophodont and 
bunodont Artiodactyla with each other. The scarcity of the Condy- 
