444 Prof. E. W. Claypole— Upper Devonian Fishes of Ohio. 
Dinichthys, all those of Titantichthys, and the single specimen of 
Gorgonichthys yet found (see American Geologist for 1892). These 
monsters paralleled in form and size those which tenanted the seas 
of Europe in the late Devonian days, and with some of which the 
name of Hugh Miller is inseparably connected. 
All these, by name at least, are now familiar to the paleontologist 
chiefly through the classic writings of Dr. Newberry. But since 
his time further research has brought to light a new fish fauna from 
these shales of equal interest but of very different nature. 
For some years a few scattered Cladodont teeth have been known 
from the shales of Ohio. Five species in all were given by Dr. 
Newberry in his contribution to the Paleontology of Ohio (vol. il. 
p:. 46, etc.). These are :— 
C. subulatus, Nby., Cuyahoga Shale. 
C. concinnus, Nby., Cleveland Shale. 
C. Hertzeri, Nby., Bedford Shale. 
C. parvulus, Nby., Cleveland Shale. 
C. Pattersoni, Nby., Berea Shale. 
Of these the first and last belong above the Berea Grit in undoubted 
Carboniferous territory and need not be further noticed. The other 
three constitute all our knowledge of the Cladodonts of Ohio from 
rocks older than the Berea Grit until quite lately. 
Nor was anything more known of this family in the Old World. 
The European Devonians, with all their wealth of fish fossils, are 
almost as poor in the evidence which they afford us of the existence 
of Sharks as the coeval strata in America, while of the Cladodonts 
in particular they tell us almost nothing. 
And when we turn and ask what we really know of these fishes 
from other and later strata we find our ignorance oppressive. Teeth 
of Cladodonts abound in the Carboniferous rocks, and spines, sup- 
posed rightly or wrongly to belong to them, are also not scarce. But 
of the fish themselves that bore these weapons, we knew a few 
years ago absolutely nothing. 
The first glimpse which we obtained of the body of a Cladodont 
Shark was that of a broken and incomplete relic, described by Dr. 
Traquair in the Grotoctcan Magazine for February, 1888. Only 
the fore part of the fish was there. It had been pieced together, and 
some doubt existed if all the fragments belonged to the same speci- 
men. <A part of the head, with true Cladodont teeth, a fin, and a 
mass of ‘crushed and inextricably confused cartilages,” formed the 
unpromising material from which it was the task of the paleon- 
tologist to try to restore to order. It gave us a glimpse and nothing 
more. 
In the following year appeared Dr. Newberry’s great “‘ Monograph 
of the Fossil Fishes of North America,” in which he, for the first 
time, figured nearly the whole of a Cladodus from the Black Shale, 
under the name of Cladodus Kepleri, and a second, less complete, 
as C. Fyleri. Here we had for the first time an opportunity of 
forming an approximately adequate conception of the size and shape 
of these ancient sharks. But the specimens at Dr. Newberry’s com- 
mand were not good enough for full and exact specific description. 
Se zat: 
