Prof. K. A. von Zittel—On the Mammalia. 463 
*t Lanthanotherium. CARNIVORA. *+Trochictis. 
Myogale. (Fissipedia.) *Y Trochother tum. 
Lrinaceus. *Y Galecynus. * Enhydriodon. 
Sorex. yAmphicyon. Viverra. 
Crocidura. *t Pseudocyon. Herpestes. 
tDimylus. *> Hemicyon. *t Progenetta. 
*/Dinocyon. 1 Pseudelurus. 
CHIROPTERA,. *Hyeenarctos. *Machairodus. 
Vespertilio. *+ Haplogale. 
Vesperugo. t Stenogale. PRIMATES. 
*+ Pseudictis. *+Dryopithecus. 
| Paleogale. */Pliopithecus. 
*+ Proputorius */Oreopithecus. 
* Mustela. 
The sudden appearance of Proboscidians (Mastodon, Dinotherium) 
and of genuine Apes (Dryopithecus, Pliopithecus, Oreopithecus), the 
abundance of Rhinoceros and Anchitherium, the first occurrence of 
horned Ruminants (Dicroceras, Procervulus) and Antelopes (Protra- 
goceras), the great development of carnivorous animals which, in 
their organization, are intermediate between dogs and bears, give to 
the fauna of the Middle Miocene a stamp fairly distinct from that 
immediately preceding it, and this is more intensified by the absence 
of small Czenotheria and Creodontia. The gap between the Middle 
Miocene and the Lower Miocene fauna is certainly a much larger 
one than that between this latter and the Upper Hocene fauna. No 
single species from the Lower Miocene has been preserved un- 
changed, and even the genera which have continued on from the 
earlier epoch belong, with the exception of Aceratherium, Rhinoceros, 
Viverra, Herpestes, and Steneofiber, to the Insectivora, Rodents, Bats 
and small Carnivora, which are well known to be only slightly 
subject to modification. Also the genera of that period, which are 
still in existence, are, with the exception of Tapirus, Rhinoceros, 
Viverra, and Herpestes, representatives of the micro-fauna, and they 
mostly have at the present time a cosmopolitan distribution. Of the 
four genera of the larger forms, Tapirus lives in India and South 
America, the three others in the Mediterranean region, Africa 
and South Asia, thus altogether in strikingly extensive areas of 
distribution. 
The remarkable difference in the mammalian faunas of the Lower 
and Middle Miocene receives an explanation when it is considered that 
between them there are interposed, almost everywhere in Hurope, 
thick marine deposits, which must, under any conditions, represent 
a long period of time, and these only contain remains of marine 
animals, and yield no information respecting the occupiers of the 
land in the same interval. The Miocene Thalassotheriz all belong to 
extinct genera of Cetacea, Sirenia and Pinnipedia, concerning whose 
origin complete darkness prevails, as is likewise the case with their 
scanty forerunners in the Hocene (Zeuglodon, Prorostomus, Hali- 
therium). That the shores of Europe and North America were 
inhabited by similar marine mammals in the Tertiary period 
follows, moreover, from the wide distribution of certain genera 
(Zeuglodon, Squalodon), and from the general agreement in character 
