Prof. K. A. von Zittel—On the Mammalia. 465 
The outlines of the Newer Miocene fauna of North America have 
been extended by the discoveries in the so-called Deep-River or 
Ticholeptus beds, which are at present known only in Western 
Nebraska, in the valley of Deep-River in Montana, and in Cotton- 
Wood Creek, Oregon. The fauna of these deposits is of a some- 
what newer stamp than that of the John-Day beds. It is especially 
distinguished by the occurrence of Mastodon, by the great develop- 
ment of the Oreodontide: (Merycocherus, Merychyus, Leptauchenia, 
Cyclopidius, Pithecistus) and Camelidze (Protolabis) and by the con- 
tinuance of Anchitherium and Llastomeryx. Altogether about 20 
species are known from this horizon. 
III. In Europe, also, at the close of the Miocene, a fairly radical 
change in the character of the land mammals takes place. The 
localities which disclose to us the Uppermost Miocene fauna 
are relatively few, and mostly widely apart from each other, but 
some of them are distinguished by the astonishing abundance 
and the excellent preservation of the remains which are found in 
them. Thus, for example, at Pikermi, near Athens, from an area 
of 300 m. in length and 60 m. in width, no fewer than 40 species 
of mammals have been dug up, and some of these are represented 
by hundreds of individuals, whilst some of the skeletons are entire. 
A similar necropolis of ancient mammals has been discovered in 
Samos, and another at Mount Léberon in Provence. Various 
localities in the Rhone valley, at the foot of the Pyrenees, in Spain, 
Algeria, and in Asia-Minor, show that the Pikermi fauna was widely 
distributed in the Mediterranean region. It is not altogether absent 
in the countries north of the Alps, but it is there somewhat poorer, 
it lacks, in particular, certain forms of Ruminants (Antilopide, 
Giraffide) which in the south were evidently surrounded by rich 
erass-bearing Steppes, and these are replaced by forest-loving Deer. 
The renowned sand-deposits of Eppelsheim near Worms, the Bel- 
vedere gravels near Vienna, and the widely-distributed Congeria 
beds of the Pontis division, in the Vienna basin, Hungaria and 
Roumania, contain the remains of the Uppermost Miocene fauna 
which by many authors is referred to the Pliocene. It is composed 
of the following genera :— 1 
EDENTATA. (Dorcatherium.) PROBOSCIDIA, 
* Orycteropus. Cervulis. Mastodon. 
*tPaleotragus. {Dinotherium. 
PERISSODACTYLA. *+Samotherium. 
*+Hipparion. *+Helladotherium. RODENTIA. 
Tapirus. *Camelopardalis. ySteneofiber. 
Aceratherium. *+Tragoceras. *t Acomys. 
Rhinoceros. *+Paleoryx. Hystrix. 
(Dehoplus.) *tTragelaphus. 
*+ [ eptodon. *+Paleoreas. INSECTIVORA. 
2? Titanotherium. *+ Antidorcas. Sorex. 
*+Chalicotherium. *Gazella. 
Antilope. CARNIVORA. 
ARTIODACTYLA. (Fissipedia. ) 
*Sus. *+Simocyon. 
Hyzmoschus. 
1 See note on p. 460. 
DECADE III.—VOL. X.—NO. X. 
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