466 Prof. K. A. von Zittel—On the Mammalia. 
CaRNIVORA, cont. *+ Promephitis. * Felis. 
tAmphicyon. *tIctitherium. Machairodus. 
{Hyenarctos. *+ Lycyena. 
Mustela. *+ Hyenictis. PRIMATES. 
*| Promeles. *Hyena. *+ Mesopithecus. 
The strangest constituent of this fauna is the Hdentate genus 
Orycteropus, an African type which has maintained itself in the 
Southern hemisphere of the old world up to to-day. Also amongst 
the Ruminants, the Giraffes, Gazelles, and numerous Antelopes point 
to African connections, and they confirm the view that at that time 
there was a land junction between the Mediterranean region and the 
dark continent, over which herds of Ruminants traversed. Amongst 
these far-advanced, almost modern, types, Helladotherium and 
Samotherium stand out as relicts of an older period, and also 
Mastodon, Dinotherium, Tapirus, Aceratherium, Rhinoceros, Chalico- 
therium (which only differs slightly from Macrotherium), Hyemoschus, 
Cervulus, Steneofiber, Hystriz, Mustela and Sorex support the con- 
tinuity with the preceding Miocene fauna. ‘Troops of a slim zebra- 
like horse (Hipparion) and genuine wild pigs of notable size inhabited 
at that time almost all Hurope, and the abundance of: wild game had 
a corresponding influence on the development of the Carnivora. 
Hyeenas, Cats with powerful teeth (Machairodus), Civet-cats (Icti- 
therium), and the forerunners of Bears (Simocyon, Amphicyon, 
Hyenarctos) have yielded abundant remains, and they exceed in 
number the smaller genera (Mustela, Promeles, Promephitis) which 
have partly been taken over from the Middle Miocene. If there yet 
remained any hesitation as to the tropical character of this fauna, 
the occurrence in it of an Ape nearly related to the living Semnopi- 
thecus, of which dozens of skulls and entire skeletons have been dug 
up at Pikermi, would remove all doubt. Although the number of 
still existing races is not much greater than in the Middle Miocene, 
yet the Upper Miocene fauna wears a distinctly more modern dress, 
and in several groups it has already almost reached the standard of 
the existing fauna. 
For the determination of the former distribution of the mammalia 
the discoveries made in different parts of Asia possess a high interest. 
From the renowned localities in the Sivalik Hills, at the southern 
foot of the Himalayas, between the Ganges and the Sutlej, Falconer 
and Cautley had already by the middle of this century reaped a 
rich harvest; traces of this fauna were shown by the brothers 
Schlagintweit to be present in Thibet; and also the valleys of 
the Indus and the Narbudda, and the Island of Perim, in the 
Gulf of Cambay, further Ava in the Irrawaddy basin, Burma, Java, 
Sumatra, the Philippines, China and Japan have yielded some sparse 
remains which speak in favour of an extraordinarily wide distri- 
bution of the Sivalik fauna in Southern and Hastern Asia. Through 
the discoveries in Persia (Maragha) and Asia-Minor (Lake Urmia, 
Troy), this fauna is brought in direct connection with Europe. 
The so-called Sivalik fauna is not of a single independent character, 
for it clearly contains forms which correspond to those in the Kuropean 
Middle and Upper Miocene and the Older Pliocene. A distinct 
