Prof. K. A. von Zittel—On the Mammata. 467 
division into geological horizons cannot, unfortunately, at present 
be carried out. Nevertheless, Lydekker considers that certain 
localities in Sind, Cutch, on the Island of Perim, and in the 
Sivalik Hills specially contain older types, and others Pliocene 
forms. The entire fauna consists of about 150 species, which are 
divided amongst the following genera :—* 
PERISSODACTYLA. Camelopardalis (E.) Rhizomys. 
Hipparion (E.) Helladotherium (E.) Hystrix (E.) 
2 Lippodactylus. Vishnutherium. Lepus (E.) 
Equus (E.*) Sivatherium. 
2? Tapirus (E.) Lydaspitherium. CARNIVORA. 
Aceratherium (E.) Bramatherium. (Fissipedia. ) 
Rhinoceros (E.) Alcelaphus. Amphicyon (E.) 
(Atelodus.) Tetraceras. Canis (E.*) 
(Ceratorhinus.) ? Cobus. Hyenarctos (E.) 
Chalicotherium (E.) Gazella (E.) Ursus (E.*) 
Lippotragus. Mustela (E.) 
ARTIODACTYLA. Boselaphus. Mellivora. 
Anthracotherium (E.) Oreas. Mellivorodon. 
Merycopotamus. Strepsiceras. Lutra (E.) 
Cheromeryx. Capra. Enhydriodon (E.) 
Femimeryx. Bucapra. Viverra (E.) 
Listriodon (E.) ? Owes. Lepthyena. 
Lippohyus. Leptobos (E.*) Hyena (E.) 
Sus (E.) Bubalus (E.*) Abluropsis. 
Sanitherium. Bison (E.*) A lurogale. 
Hyotherium (E.) Bos (E.*) Felis (E.) 
Tetraconodon. Machairodus (E.) 
Hippopotamus (E.) PROBOSCIDIA. 
Camelus. Mastodon (E.) PRIMATES. 
Dorcatherium (E.) Dinotherium (E.) Cynocephalus. 
Tragulus. Elephas (E.*) Macacus (E.*) 
2 Moschus. Semnopithecus (E.*) 
Paleomeryx (E.) RODENTIA. Troglodytes. 
Cervus (E.) LVesokia. S7mia. 
The agreement of the Sivalik fauna with that of Pikermi, Samos, 
Léberon, etc., in EHurope, is not confined to a very considerable 
number of common genera but is extended even to the identity of 
several species. Hven if a few remarkable types like Sivatherium, 
Vishnutherium and Bramatherium, are, up to the present, unknown 
in Hurope, yet the total character of the Upper Miocene mammalian 
fauna in Europe, North Africa, Asia-Minor, South and Hast Asia is, 
nevertheless, so uniform, that this widely-extended region, as regards 
the geographical distribution of its animals, forms but one natural 
kingdom, to which North America may be joined as a distinct 
province with its own differentiated types. That the Camelide, 
otherwise indigenous to North America, also spring to the 
surface in the East Indies, whilst they are absent in Europe, is 
a remarkable fact, for, as regards the rest, Europe and North 
America show closer connections with each other than North 
America and Hast Asia. For anumber of genera such as Hlephas, 
Bison, Bos, Bubalus, Leptobos, Equus, Hippopotamus, Canis, Ursus, 
Semnopithecus, and Macacus, which in Europe first make their 
1 The genera marked with (E) also occur in the European Miocene; those with 
(E*) in the European Pliocene. 
