Prof. K. A. von Zittel—On the Mammalia. 501 
V.—Txe Gerotocican DeveLtopmMEeNT, Descent AND DISTRIBUTION 
OF THE MAMMALIA. 
By Prof. Kart A. von Zirret, Ph.D., For. Memb. Geol. Soc. Lond. ; 
Professor of Paleontology in the University of Munich. 
(Concluded from page 468.) 
PLIOCENE. 
\HE Pliocene mammalian land fauna lived at a period when 
EKurope had already obtained the main features of its present 
configuration. Italy, to be sure, at the beginning of this period was 
still partly overflowed by the sea, and in Belgium, Holland, and the 
South of England, the North Sea extended further over the land 
than to-day and left behind the deposits known as the Crag. Over 
the extended mainland of Central Hurope, the conditions for the 
preservation of mammals were, on account of the absence of more 
extended fresh-water lakes, extremely unfavourable. Only the 
voleanic tuffs in Auvergne, the fissures filled with Bohnerz of the 
Upper Rhone valley, and the scattered fresh-water deposits of the 
Rhone valley, Roussillon and the neighbourhood of Montpellier, 
contain remains of the Pliocene land fauna, which are handed down 
in greater perfection in the swampy, and in part coal-bearing, 
sediments of the Arno valley and in the partly marine formations of 
Piedmont and the Romagna. 
These consist of the following genera’ :— 
PERISSODACTYLA. *Leptobos. 
Tapirus. Bubalus. INSECTIVORA. 
Rhinoceros. Sorex. 
(Atelodus.) PROBOSCIDIA. 
(Celodonta.) +Mastodon, CARNIVORA. 
*Equus. *Elephas. (Fissipedia. ) 
tHipparion (rare). * Canis. 
RODENTIA. | AZyenarctos. 
ARTIODACTYLA. Arctomys. “Ursus. 
Sus. +Steneofiber. “+ Alurus. 
*Hippopotamus. *Castor. Putorius. 
*Cervus (Zlaphus), * Trogontherium. Lutra. 
*(Polycladus.) Cricetus. Viverra. 
*(Axis.) “+ Trilophiomys. Hyena. 
*(Capreolus.) *Arvicola. Machairodus. 
*Alces. *Mus. Felis. 
* Dama. Hystrix. 
*Cervulus. *t Ruscimontys. PRIMATES. 
+Paleoryx. *+ Pellegrinia. *Semnopithecus. 
Gazella. * Lepus. *+ Dolichopithecus. 
+ Tragelaphus. *Myolagus. ;Macacus. 
Antilope. * Lagomys. 
*Bos. 
The above table shows that the ancient genera Mastodon and 
Tapirus become extinct in Europe, whilst in North America and in 
the East Indies they continue into the Pleistocene. Amongst the 
new genera which spring up, some (Kquus, Hippopotamus, Bos, Lep- 
1 The genera marked with * appear for the first time in the Pliocene; those 
marked with + become extinct. 
