508 Prof. K. A. von Zittel—On the Mammalia. 
Arvicola nivalis. 
50 ratliceps. 
» gregalis. 
55 arvalss. 
3 agrestis. 
Myodes lemmus. 
96 torgquatus. 
Lepus timidus. 
35 variabilis. 
= cuntculus. 
Lagomys pusillus. 
Myolagus Sardus. 
CHIROPTERA 
Vespertilio murinus. 
se mystacinus. 
Vesperugo noctula. 
3 pipistrellus. 
38 Serolinus. 
si borealis. 
Plecotus auritus. 
Rhinolophus ferrum- 
equinum. 
CARNIVORA. 
Meles taxus. 
Gulo luscus. 
Mustela martes. 
99 Jona. 
Putorius fetidus. 
% vulgaris. 
3 ermimeus. 
Lutra vulgaris. 
Hyena spelea. 
(=Z. crocuta var.) 
flyena striata. 
+Machairodus latidens. 
Canis lupus. + Felts spelea. 
INSECTIVORA. (=C. speleus.) 5 ? tig7ts. 
Talpa Europea. Canis lupus Suessiz. 33 pardus. 
Myogale moschata. Cuon Europeus. 35 caffra. 
55 pyrenaica Tt css Edwardsianus. a lynx. 
Sorex viloaris. +Lycorus Nemesianus. 35 catus. 
Be pyemeus. Canis vulpes. 
Crocidura araneus. An lagopus. PRIMATES. 
Crossopus fodiens. caer Miki. +Macacus Suevicus. 
Erinaceus Huropeus. +Ursus speleus. 3 Inuus. 
a Priscus. Homo sapiens. 
5 arctos. 
With the exception of Elephas primigenius, Rhinoceros antiquitatis, 
R. Mercki and Cervus eurycerus, the extinct species belong to the Older 
pre-Glacial or inter-Glacial Diluvium. Mippopotamus major is only 
a larger variety of the African Hippopotamus, and similarly Felis 
spelza and Hyena spelea stand in the same relation to the Lion and 
to the African spotted Hyzna. To the pre-Glacial, or, perhaps better, 
to the inter-Glacial deposits, are reckoned the older stratified gravels, 
sands and clays of the Seine- and Somme-valleys in Northern France, 
of the Thames- and Ouse-valleys in England; of the Rhine and 
Neckar districts (Daxlanden, Mannheim, Worms, Mosbach near 
Wiesbaden, Mauer near Sinsheim, Hangenbieten in Alsace); the 
calc-tuffs and sands of Cannstadt and Taubach near Weimar; the 
inter-Glacial brown coals, gravels and sands of Utznach and Dirnten ; 
the older stratified gravel and sand depcsits in the Rhone valley, 
in Switzerland, in the Swabish-Bavarian high plateau; in the Vienna 
basin, in Hungary, Roumania, South and Central Russia; in the 
North German plain (Rixdorf), Italy, and Spain. . 
As characteristic elements of the Older Diluvial fauna may be 
placed in the first line Hlephas antiquus, E. primigenius, Rhinoceros 
Mercki, Equus caballus, Trogontherium Cuvieri, Castor fiber, Sus 
scrofa, Cervus eurycerus, C. elaphus, C. capreolus, Bos primigenius, 
Bison priscus, Ursus speleus, Hyena spelea, Machairodus latidens, 
Canis lupus and vulpes, which already appear in the Forest-beds near 
Saint Prest, Durfort, etc., as also Felis spelea, F. lynz, some small 
Rodents and Insectivora. The Pliocene forms, Elephas meridionalis, 
Rhinoceros Etruscus, and Ursus Arvernensis, are extinct or, rather, 
replaced by closely related successors. The entire pre-Glacial and 
inter-Glacial fauna of Europe required a rich vegetation and a mild 
climate, which probably corresponded to that of the Mediterranean 
region of to-day ; in no case was it more severe than that of Central. 
ex, 
