Prof. K. A. von Zittel—On the Mammalia. 509 
Europe at present. Northern or mountainous forms are still wholly 
absent; on the other hand the presence of Man is affirmed by the 
abundant occurrence of rudely worked flint implements of the 
“ Chelléen-type.” Whilst this Older Diluvial fauna peopled Europe 
and Northern Asia, the Ice-Age commenced and evidently destroyed 
a number of forms which could not adapt themselves to the changed 
climatic conditions, as Hippopotamus, Hlephas antiquus, together with 
its dwarf races (Hlephas Melitensis, mnaidriensisand Falconert), Elasmo- 
thertum, Trogontherium and Machairodus. An invasion of cold-loving 
land animals, which to-day find their homes partly in the high 
North, partly in the rugged Asiatic Steppes, or on high mountainous 
regions, took place, and they became mingled with the surviving 
elements of the Older Diluvial fauna. The Mammoth (Hlephas 
primigenius) and woolly Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros antiquitatis) now 
reach their maximum distribution, and through the great development 
of their hairy coats they were perfectly matched to the harsher 
climate; Rhinoceros Mercki also survived, and left behind, as did 
also both the other species, well preserved bodies in the frozen soil 
of Siberia. Besides these, the Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and the 
Horse belong to the most abundant forms of the Glacial fauna, and 
with them are found, although less frequently, the extreme northern 
Musk-sheep (Ovibos moschatus) besides boreal forms like the 
Lemming (yodes lemmus), the collared Lemming (Jf. torquatus), 
the Voles (Arvicola nivalis and ratticeps), the Glutton (Gulo 
luscus), the Ermine Stoat (Putorius ermineus), the Arctic Fox 
(Canis lagopus), and such Asiatic Steppe-dwellers as the Wild-Ass 
(Equus hemionus), the Saiga Antelope, the Bobak, the pouched 
Marmots (Spermophilus), the Jerboa (Alactaga), the tailless Hare 
(Lagomys pusillus), the Shrew (IMyogale moschata) and forms which 
live on high mountains, as the Chamois, Ibex, the Alpine Marmot, 
and the Alpine Hare (Lepus variabilis). The majority of the 
endemic land-mammals which still live in Northern and Central 
Europe, also formed part of the Glacial and post-Glacial fauna, and 
all these animals are found, as a rule, mixed up together and washed 
into rock-fissures and caves which served as dwelling-places for 
such Carnivora as the Cave-bear, the Cave-hyzena and the Wolf. 
The Loess also contains the Middle Diluvial Glacial fauna 
still in great perfection and it is particularly distinguished by the 
presence of the Mammoth, Rhinoceros tichorhinus, Reindeer, Musk 
sheep, Deer, Bison and Urus. 
After the melting of the gigantic Diluvial Glaciers, certain 
northern forms, such as eonideer Lemming, collared Lem 
ming, Glutton, Spermophilus, Lagomys and Jerboa, still maintained 
themselves for a time in Central Hurope, and they characterize 
the Younger Section (Nehring’s’ period of the Steppe-fauna) of the 
Paleolithic stage of civilization. The human reliquiz in the caves 
of Perigord, of Belgium, of Thayingen and of Schweizerbild near 
Schaffhausen, and the settlement in the turf of Schussenried in Upper 
Swabia, furnish excellent instances of the composition of the fauna 
1 Nehring A. Ueber Tundren und Steppen der Jetzt-und Vorzeit. Berlin, 1890. 
