610 Prof. K. A. von Zittel—On the Mammata. 
during the so-called Reindeer period.’ With the commencement of 
our present climatic conditions, the Forest-fauna of to-day (Squirrel 
or Aurochs-period) then spread itself over Central Europe, and with 
this began the taming and importation of domestic animals by man 
and consequently a fundamental change in the composition of the 
animal surroundings of the men belonging to the Newer Stone 
period.” 
The Diluvial fauna sketched above peopled not only Europe, 
but also Northern and Central Asia. According to Brandt* some 
characteristic forms are entirely wanting in Asia, as Hippopotamus, 
Ibex, Chamois, Fallow-deer, Cave-bear and Wild-cat; as against 
these the Asiatic Diluvial fauna contains Antilope gulturosa, Capra 
Sibirica and egagrus, Ovis Argali, Moschus moschiferus, Siphneus 
Aspalaz, Ellobius talpinus, Spalax typhlus, Sminthus vagus, Tamias 
Pallasi, Mustela zibellina, Felis tigris, and Canis Nishneudensis. 
Brandt‘ maintains that Northern Asia, and especially the high 
northern latitudes, form the region where the European, North 
Asiatic and North American land-faunas had been concentrated 
during the Tertiary and Diluvial periods, and from whence issued 
the migrations and forward movements to the South and West, 
according to the degree in which the colder climate advanced. As 
the Northern fauna spread itself over more Southern latitudes during 
the Diluvial period, it occupied the dwelling-places of the forms 
which had there survived from Tertiary times, it crowded them into 
sub-tropical and tropical regions, and itself formed the proper stock 
of the Diluvial fauna. 
Although, according to the concordant testimony of Russian 
geologists,’ Siberia, in contrast to Hurope and North America, was 
not completely covered by a continuous Ice-sheet during the Glacial 
period, and only possessed glaciers of limited extension, it nevertheless 
experienced a deterioration of its climatic conditions and a con- 
siderable decrease of temperature, so that only the more readily 
adaptable constituents of the pre-Glacial fauna were able to maintain 
their position. Others succumbed to the less favourable conditions 
of existence, or were obliged to emigrate. The gradual penetration 
of the frost into the ground and the damming up of the rivers by ice 
also produced in Siberia, at that time, the conditions for the preser- 
vation of entire carcasses of the Mammoth, Rhinoceros, Bison and 
Musk-sheep. 
The Glacial and post-Glacial fauna of North America is much 
1 Nehring A. Uebersicht iiber vierundzwanzig mitteleuropaische Quartar-Faunen. 
Zeitsch. d. deutsch. geol. Ges. 1880, p. 468. 
2 Woldrich, J. N., Die diluvialen Faunen Mittel-Europa’s. Mitth. Anthrop. 
Ges. Wien. 1882, x1. 
3 Brandt, J. Fr. und Woldrich, J. N. Diluviale europaisch-nordasiatische Sauge- 
thierfauna und ihre Beziehungen zum Menschen. Mém. Acad. imp. St. Pétersbourg 
1887, vii. sér. xxxv. No. 10. % 
4 Naturgeschichte des Elens. Mém. Acad. imp. St Pétersbourg, xvi. pp. 39-50. 
5 Tschersky, J. D. Wissenschaft. Ergebnisse d. Neusibirischen Expedition d. J. 
1885 und 1886, iv., Posttertiare Stiugethiere. Mém. Acad. imp. St. Pétersbourg 
1892, xli. p. 455, 511. : 
